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Updated: 2024.07.21 This chronology used the computer to weave together the dates and chronology of Ta•na"khꞋ, pegged wherever scholars have reached a consensus on astronomical, volcanological, geological, historical or archaeological dates. All other dates are then calculated, and updated, from the scientific data and updated with the latest research.
There is a gap conundrum, in places diverging by nearly 2 centuries, between scientific "High" dating and archeological, including Egyptological, "Low" dating. It's unlikely this gap will be resolved any time soon. Consequently, this chronology is likely to remain a work in progress, where some numbers contradict others, for the foreseeable future. However, it isn't until one lays out an internally consistent chronology that the gap(s) become(s) conspicuous. Archeologists / Egyptologists rely on a single, unreliable Egyptian source who recorded lists of Egyptian Par•ohꞋs, Manetho (ca. B.C.E. 3rd century — give or take a century or so; which these misojudaics consider more authoritative than Scriptures of "the Jews"), and try to hide their contradictions and inconsistencies by avoiding inconvenient connections with scientific datings, Consequently, the ancient world painted by archeologists and Egyptologists with arts degrees differs from real world history as demonstrated by scientists. Egyptologists' & Archeologists' "Low" Dating vs Scientists' "High" Dating
| Year(s) | Description | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| ≈BCE 13.8 billion | Yom Ri•shonꞋ (יְהוָׂה {Existant} created light, separated light from darkness). "Big Stretch-Apart" — not yet a sun nor earth (nor humans) to begin marking time. Light and darkness result from the "Big Stretch-Apart", emanating from an "infinitely small point"—the scientific euphemism that misdirects the masses to focus infinitely on "the infinitely small" so that they'll never notice that the scientists are peddling "Poof! Nothing caused nothingness to transform into physical energy-matter, self-creating the universe!" (Eureka~ | ||
| ≈BCE 4.5 billion | Earth forms in orbit around the sun | ||
| ≈BCE 4.45 billion | Yom Shein•iꞋ (created sky, separated clouds from seas, moisture in atmosphere separates from surface waters). Moon Moon forms and stabilizes earth. Scientists theorize that collisions with meteors and small planets gave the earth an initial rotation. A significant nearby planet collided with earth, accelerating earth's spin and, cumulatively, resolving to today's 24-hour rotation and day. This "Giant Impact" collision produced fragments, captured in various orbits around earth, that would coalesce over eons to become our moon and stabilize the variation of the Earth's rotational axis. In contrast to today's current distance to the moon—about 60 Earth radii (240,000 miles / 386,000 km), scientists theorize that, initially, the moon orbited at an approximate distance of about 3-5 Earth radii (15,000 miles / 24,000 km) from the center of the Earth. Thus the moon was much closer to the earth when it formed, [looming frighteningly] more than 10 times larger in the sky than it does today. "Were it not for the moon, the influence of the giant planets in our system would cause Earth's obliquity — the angle between the Earth's equator and the plane of its orbit, whose current value is 23.5 degrees — to vary wildly with values as extreme as 0 to 80 degrees. Such variation would probably cause extreme climatic changes that would render the planet uninhabitable. Thus having a large moon may be one of the key characteristics necessary for a habitable Earth-like planet" (ibid.). This proximity would certainly have produced cataclysmic tides in earth's magma-oceans, unimaginable winds in earth's toxic atmosphere and an uninhabitable earth. | ||
| ≈BCE 3.8 billion | Yom Shᵊlish•iꞋ: vegetation: first organisms, fungus; evidence of life | ||
| ≈BCE 3.6 billion | Yom Rᵊviy•iꞋ: moon stabilizes in near-present orbit; life begins to diversify as appointed seasons, day and night are regulated by the sun & moon. | ||
| ≈BCE 3 billion | Paleoproterozoic Era Photosynthesizing organisms begin producing O2. Siderian Period — During the Siderian period, scientists believe that early anaerobic animal life first enabled oxygenation of the earth's atmosphere, part of the continuing process of creating the sky and its separation from the clouds and seas. | ||
| ≈BCE 800 million | First multicellular organisms emerge | ||
| ≈BCE 650 million | Earth's core began as a molten liquid. In combination with earth's rotation, the core creates our magnetic field (somewhat like a magneto). At about this time, the core began to solidify ( Proterozoic Eon, Neoproterozoic Era, Ediacaran Period | ||
| ≈BCE 485 million | Yom Kha•mish•iꞋ: fish & birds. Paleozoic Era/Devonian Period, Ordovician Period, Mesozoic Era, Triassic & Jurassic Periods (dinosaurs evolve and go extinct) | ||
| ≈BCE 238 million | Dinosaurs appear. | ||
| ≈BCE 93 million | |||
| ≈BCE 66 million | Non-avian DINOSAURS GO EXTINCT; avian dinosaurs (i.e. birds) survive. | ||
| ≈BCE 5.333 million | Pleiocene Epoch ≈BCE 5.333–2.58 million years BT | ||
| c BCE 3.65 million | Earliest human ancestors (South Africa) lived 3.67 million years ago. | ||
| ≈BCE 2.6 million | Paleolithic Age | ||
| ≈BCE >2 million | Earliest human ancestors colonized East Asia over two million years ago University of Exeter | ||
| ≈BCE <2 million | Sha•bãtꞋ — in which ël•oh•imꞋ shã•vatꞋ (ceased, desisted, rested) from all His work of creating, and blessed and made Sha•bãtꞋ holy. | ||
| ≈BCE 1 million | Earliest extant archaeological evidence of hominis fire-usage—near modern KheiphꞋãh Israel | ||
| ≈BCE 400k | First Levantine "ÕdãmꞋ," making knives and other tools and cooking meat, In Biblical epochs, this Sha•bãtꞋ, the human epoch, continues today. You and I are living in this continuing Sha•bãtꞋ (blink of an eye in geological terms, not even a nanosecond to יְהוָׂה {Existant}). That has implications relative to tᵊphil•otꞋ. | ||
| ≈BCE 185k | Modern humans appear in Carmel Cave (historic Israel) between 177,000-194,000 ago. "The Middle East was a major corridor for hominin migrations, occupied at different times by both modern humans and Neanderthals." | ||
| ≈BCE 108k | Most Recent Glacial Period Begins | ||
| ≈BCE 39k | Transition between Neanderthals and modern humans, expansion of travel, first arrived in Europe ≈BCE 48k-26k. "Dating from this same time we unearthed a bead made from mammal bone. This is the oldest portable art object of its type found anywhere in central Europe and provides evidence of social signalling, quite possibly used as a necklace to mark the identity of the wearer." Infusion of Aurignacians, hybrid of Neanderthals and modern humans, from Europe into the Levant. | ||
≈12 Ka  (BCE 10K) | ᴷHa•tᵊ•tūꞋsha — Subsuming the world's first developed citydom, their neighboring NëꞋsha cousins located in central Anatolia, the ᵏHa•tᵊ•tūꞋsha were all identifiable as speakers of the NëꞋsha language. Genetics confirms that these autochthonous native Anatolians were interrelated in 3 strains: This means that they were of the same ancestry since the emergence of Homo sapiens nearest ancestors—in Anatolian-Shæm, Mesopotamian-Shæm and A•dãm•ãhꞋ-Shæm—not modern politicized West Bank, bogus-Greek Pūlossian-Arab "Natufian"!!! Friendly cousins of neighboring ᴷHa•tᵊ•tūꞋsha Citydom soon surpassed NëꞋsha Citydom; growing to become the first world superpower empire (aka Hattians or Hittites of central Anatolia). The ᴷHa•tᵊ•tūꞋsha absorbed and subsumed the Luwian Citydom in the south & west Anatolian coastlands of the Eastern Mediterranean Basin, the Palaian Citydom in north Anatolia and the Hurrians in southeast Anatolia at the pinnacle of the Fertile Crescent. Builders of Göbekli Tepe By Biblical times (beginning ≈BCE 2,000), the ᵏHa•tᵊ•tūꞋsha, Hebraized to Kit•imꞋ, had grown to become the world's first trading and merchant marine naval superpower; navigating, controlling, and trading throughout the Mediterranean Basin, eventually extending their marine trade route around Africa and through the Red Sea as far as India and the China. The complexity of Göbekli Tepe demonstrates the use of complex language ≈BCE 9500—preceding writing by ≈6 millennia! Their pictograms pioneered eventual Semitic alphabets—including Hebrew, as well as Egyptian hieroglyphs. | ||
| ≈BCE 10K | Begin Neolithic Period ≈BCE 8K, hunter-gatherers in Levant and Iran develop ranching and farming technologies, | ||
| ≈BCE 9900 | End of Most Recent Glacial Period | ||
| ≈BCE 7000 | Neolithic מוֹצָא (Mōtz•ãꞋ), located by a suburb of modern W. Yᵊru•shã•laꞋyim. | ||
| ≈BCE 6500 | Chalcolithic (Copper Era of Stone) Age in the Levant — infusion, into the indigenous agricultural peoples of the Levant, of waves of immigrations from ᴷHa•tᵊ•tūꞋsha (Anatolia/Turkey) and Persia (Iran). | ||
≈BCE 5500 | The Ma•bulꞋ. At the age of 600 (lunar years; i.e., months; i.e., 50 solar years) of age, NōꞋakh reinterprets and incorporates the Ma•bulꞋ into family written lore (bᵊ-Reish•itꞋ 7.6,11). Two geologists from Columbia University, William Ryan and Walter Pitman, documented the geological evidence of a great flood in the area of Turkey that occurred a couple of millennia earlier, ca. BCE 5500 following extensive glacial melts that caused the Mediterranean (Aegean) Sea to burst through what had been a tongue of dry land forming a land bridge connecting Asia and Europe (today the Dardanelles strait, the Sea of Marmara and Bosporus strait) into the Black Sea. Since the earliest extant sources of the Gilgamesh Flood also date from NōꞋakh's era, it's likely that NōꞋakh became associated with the Ma•bulꞋ because it was he who first stripped the account of its idolatrous foreign interpretations popular in surrounding cultures, reinterpreting the Ma•bulꞋ with proto-Tor•ãhꞋ compatible interpretations, and then incorporated the result into family written lore of the history of creation and the development of humankind. It's unclear whether, in reinterpreting-out idolatrous themes, he may have substituted his own family as example characters or whether the main characters were confused with his family by scribes at some later time. | ||
| Exactly 0000hrs BCE 3760.06.14 | Rabbinic Poof! Creation of the earth. Rabbis deny the existence of anything before exactly 0000 hrs 00 seconds of 14th day of 6thmonth (Babylonian "Elul") of the year 0 on the rabbinic calendar. | ||
| ≈BCE 3400 | Egyptian hieroglyph writing has been 14C dated to ≈BCE 3400-3200, predating Sumerian cuneiform by perhaps a couple of centuries. | ||
≈BCE 3300 | End Neolithic Age (Stone Age) Begin Bronze Age | ||
≈BCE 3278 | ÕdãmꞋ & Khau•ãhꞋ. Biblical Lifespans Beginnings of family oral-lore history, probably highlighted only the more accomplished personalities, omitting an unknown number of lesser-accomplished members. This implies many irrecoverable lacunae between the early Biblical personalities. It can be no more than a guess today as to how to space the Biblical characters back in time to connect with the scientific "Adam" and "Eve." Rather than abandon the scientific model to make such guesses, I have stayed with the scientific estimates of ancient mean lifespans and leave it to the reader to guess which Biblical characters should be spaced back, and how, to match up with scientific "Adam" and "Eve." ÕdãmꞋ lived to age 930; probably lunar years (= months), yielding 77½ solar years.Biblical Lifespans | ||
| ≈BCE 3219 | |||
| ≈BCE 3160 | HãꞋvël born | ||
| ≈BCE 3101 | Sheit born. Sheit dies at 912. This is likely lunar years (=months), 76 solar years. Biblical Lifespans | ||
≈BCE 3100  | Narmer/ | ||
| ≈BCE 3042 | Ë•nōshꞋ born. Biblical Lifespans | ||
| ≈BCE 2983 | Qei•nãnꞋ born. Biblical Lifespans | ||
| ≈BCE 2924 | Mᵊhu•yã•eilꞋ born. Biblical Lifespans | ||
≈BCE 2900 |
Earliest extant Sumerian cuneiform, via Avᵊrã•hãmꞋ the origin of the Semite dialect and the proto-Sinai Hebrew alephbeit (≈BCE 2900). Greek form of first Egyptian Par•ohꞋ of the 2nd Dynasty: Hotep-sekhem-ui: ("reconciled are the 2 mistresses" i.e. Upper & Lower Egypt; commonly Hotepsekhemwy). | ||
| ≈BCE 2865 | Yã•rëdꞋ born. Biblical Lifespans | ||
| ≈BCE 2806 | Kha•nōkhꞋ born. Walks with ël•oh•imꞋ at age 365. If this describes his death, and is stated in lunar years (i.e. months), then Kha•nōkhꞋ only lived to be about 31½ years old (bᵊ-Reish•itꞋ 5.22-24). Biblical Lifespans | ||
| ≈BCE 2747 | Mᵊtu•shë•lakhꞋ born. Mᵊtu•shë•lakhꞋ dies at age 969 (bᵊ-Reish•itꞋ 5.27). This is expressed in lunar years (i.e., months). Still, Mᵊtu•shë•lakhꞋ lived until almost 81 years old. Biblical Lifespans | ||
≈BCE 2725  | Kha-sekhem-wy becomes Par•ohꞋ. | ||
| ≈BCE 2688 | LëmꞋëkh born. (LëmꞋëkh died at 777; bᵊ-Reish•itꞋ 5.31. This is likely stated in lunar years (i.e., months), equating to almost 65 years old.) Biblical Lifespans | ||
| ≈BCE 2661 | Djoser becomes Par•ohꞋ. | ||
| ≈BCE 2648 | Sekhem-khet becomes Par•ohꞋ. | ||
| ≈BCE 2629 | NōꞋakh born when LëmꞋëkh was 182. In an era in which boys took on the responsibilities of manhood at age 12-13, this probably equates to lunar years (= months), making LëmꞋëkh just over 15 years old when he became the father of NōꞋakh. Biblical Lifespans While no geological evidence of a great flood has so far been found to corroborate any great flood during this era, it can be no mere coincidence that this is the era in which the Akkadian and Babylonian (Gilgamesh) oral lore of the Flood are also first codified, ≈BCE 21st century. | ||
≈BCE 2628  | Sneferu becomes Par•ohꞋ. | ||
| ≈BCE 2605 | Khufu ("Cheop"), builder of the Great Pyramid, becomes Par•ohꞋ. | ||
| ≈BCE 2583 | Djedefra becomes Par•ohꞋ. | ||
| ≈BCE 2570, 2568, 2566 | Sheim, Khãm and Yã•phëtꞋ born beginning when NōꞋakh was 500. This is likely still stated in lunar years (i.e., months) equating to almost 42 years old when he fathered his firstborn son (bᵊ-Reish•itꞋ 5.32). Sheim dies at 602 (lunar years = just over 50 solar years old; bᵊ-Reish•itꞋ 11.11). Biblical Lifespan | ||
| ≈BCE 2569 | Khafra becomes Par•ohꞋ. | ||
| ≈BCE 2554 | Menkaura becomes Par•ohꞋ. | ||
| ≈BCE 2529 | Shepseskaf becomes Par•ohꞋ. | ||
≈BCE 2511  | Userkaf becomes Par•ohꞋ. | ||
| ≈BCE 2511 | Arᵊpa•khᵊshadꞋ born. Biblical Lifespans | ||
| ≈BCE 2504 | Sahura becomes Par•ohꞋ. | ||
| ≈BCE 2500 | Tzūr•imꞋ (preceded, and absorbed, by their sister-citydom: Tzi•yᵊd•ōnꞋ; exonym (of both): "Phoenicians") | ||
| ≈BCE 2472 | Djedkara becomes Par•ohꞋ. | ||
| ≈BCE 2452 | Shë•lakhꞋ born (bᵊ-Reish•itꞋ 11.12). Biblical Lifespans | ||
| ≈BCE 2424 | Unas becomes Par•ohꞋ. | ||
| ≈BCE 2393 | EiꞋvër born (bᵊ-Reish•itꞋ 11.14). Biblical Lifespans | ||
≈BCE 2392  | Teti becomes Par•ohꞋ. | ||
| ≈BCE 2369 | Userkara becomes Par•ohꞋ. | ||
| ≈BCE 2356 | Pepy Sr becomes Par•ohꞋ. | ||
| ≈BCE 2339 | Merenra becomes Par•ohꞋ. | ||
| ≈BCE 2334 | PëlꞋëg born (bᵊ-Reish•itꞋ 11.16). Biblical Lifespans | ||
| ≈BCE 2300 | Egyptologists' & Archeologists' "Low" Dating vs Scientists' "High" Dating | ||
≈BCE 2278  | Egyptian 7th Dynasty-1st Intermediate Period. | ||
| ≈BCE 2275 | Rᵊu born (bᵊ-Reish•itꞋ 11.18). Biblical Lifespans | ||
≈BCE 2250 | Intermediate Bronze Age / Middle Bronze 1 (Israel & Southern Levant) | ||
| ≈BCE 2216 | Sᵊrug born (bᵊ-Reish•itꞋ 11.20). Biblical Lifespans | ||
| ≈BCE 2157 | Nã•khōrꞋ born (bᵊ-Reish•itꞋ 11.22). Biblical Lifespans | ||
≈BCE 2104  | Mentu-hotep Jr. becomes Par•ohꞋ. | ||
| ≈BCE 2098 | TërꞋakh born (bᵊ-Reish•itꞋ 11.24); died at age ≈65 (i.e., family patriarch = numerological 100 + "40 years" + 65 = 205) Transitional calendric conundrums | ||
| ≈BCE 2039 | Av•rãmꞋ (bᵊ-Reish•itꞋ 11.26-7) born.Transitional calendric conundrums Applying the transitional calendric method of intercalation to Av•rãmꞋ's age upon leaving Khã•rãnꞋ, he may have been only ≈35 (numerological "40 years" + 35 = 75). Extending this method consistently, Avᵊrã•hãmꞋ was then ≈45 (+ numerological "40 years" = 85) when he married Hã•gãrꞋ, having dwelled in Kᵊna•anꞋ ≈10 years (bᵊ-Reish•itꞋ 16.3) and ≈46 (numerological "40 years" + 46 = 86) when Yi•shᵊm•ã•eilꞋ was born to Hã•gãrꞋ (bᵊ-Reish•itꞋ 16.16). This suggests that Av•rãmꞋ was circumcised, becoming Avᵊrã•hãmꞋ, at age ≈49 (numerological "40 years" + 49 = 99; bᵊ-Reish•itꞋ 17.1, 24). This seems to have been in reaction to the episode in which Lōt left Sᵊdōm, immediately preceding its destruction. There is probably insufficient data to ever completely decipher all of these proper ages with confidence. Biblical Lifespans | ||
| ≈BCE 2015 | Mentu-hotep 3 becomes Par•ohꞋ. | ||
| ≈BCE 1986 | Mentu-hotep 4 becomes Par•ohꞋ. | ||
| ≈BCE 1980 | Yi•tzᵊkhãqꞋ born, making Avᵊrã•hãmꞋ a family patriarch; i.e., numerological age 100 A•qeid•ãhꞋ — Yi•tzᵊkhãqꞋ age 12; Avᵊrã•hãmꞋ was age ≈37 (numerological patriarch 100 years + 37 = 137; bᵊ-Reish•itꞋ 17.17). SãrꞋãh is purported by the rabbis to have died upon hearing about the A•qeid•ãhꞋ, at age age ≈27 (numerological matriarch 100 years + 27 = 127; bᵊ-Reish•itꞋ 23.1) At numerological "40 years" old, Yi•tzᵊkhãqꞋ marries RiꞋvᵊq•ãh (bᵊ-Reish•itꞋ 25.20). Yi•tzᵊkhãqꞋ died at age ≈80 (patriarch 100 + 80=180; bᵊ-Reish•itꞋ 35.28). Biblical Lifespans | ||
≈BCE 1978  |
| ||
| ≈BCE 1976 | End Intermediate Bronze Age / Middle Bronze Age 1 | ||
≈BCE 1961  | Sen- | ||
| ≈BCE 1925 |
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| ≈BCE 1921 | Twins Ei•sauꞋ (Ë•dōmꞋ) and Ya•a•qovꞋ (Yi•sᵊr•ã•eilꞋ) born when Yi•tzᵊkhãqꞋ was ≈20 ('40 years' + 20 = 60; bᵊ-Reish•itꞋ 25.26). Calendric Transitions
Ya•a•qovꞋ fled from his twin brother, Ei•sauꞋ, to the home of his uncle Lã•vãnꞋ in Khã•rãnꞋ, A•rãmꞋ (where they appear to still have been using the lunar calendar) to find a wife. Attracted to Rã•kheilꞋ, he worked 14 (lunar years) = months—just over 1 solar year—to marry her, being duped into marrying her sister, LeiꞋãh, first (bᵊ-Reish•itꞋ 32:24-32). Calendric Transitions
Ya•a•qovꞋ becomes Yi•sᵊr•ã•eilꞋ upon leaving Lã•vãnꞋ another 6 (lunar) years = 6 mos. later (≈BCE 1890). | ||
| ≈BCE 1886 | Sen- | ||
| ≈BCE 1866 | Sen- | ||
| ≈BCE 1862 | Rᵊu•veinꞋ born to LeiꞋãh (bᵊ-Reish•itꞋ 29.32). Before Rᵊu•veinꞋ, there is no reliable dating of generations other than an estimated 60 years apparent average per generation — likely numerological values 40 plus 20 having no correlation to solar (or lunar) years. | ||
| ≈BCE 1843 |
| ||
| ≈BCE 1803 | |||
| ≈BCE 1803 |
| ||
| ≈BCE 1802 | |||
| ≈BCE 1801 |
Lei•wiꞋ died at 67 in the darkness (+ 70 years" of Mi•tzᵊraꞋyim = 137; Shᵊm•otꞋ 6.16). | ||
| ≈BCE 1800 | Na•phᵊtalꞋi born to Bi•lᵊh•ãhꞋ (Rã•kheilꞋ's attendant) | ||
≈BCE 1799 | |||
| ≈BCE 1798 | |||
| ≈BCE 1797 | Yi•sã•khãrꞋ born to LeiꞋãh | ||
| ≈BCE 1796 | |||
| ≈BCE 1795 | |||
| ≈BCE 1793 | Din•ãhꞋ born to LeiꞋãh | ||
| ≈BCE 1792 | |||
| ≈BCE 1792 | Hammurabi, an Amorite, reigns over Bã•vëlꞋ, inscribes his "Code of Hammurabi" Stela (in Louvre Museum, Paris); BCE 1792-1749. Egyptologists' & Archeologists' "Low" Dating vs Scientists' "High" Dating | ||
| ≈BCE 1790 | Bin•yã•minꞋ born to Rã•kheilꞋ (35.16-20) | ||
| ≈BCE 1776 | Queen | ||
| ≈BCE 1775 | Yo•seiphꞋ, age 17, sold to their cousin, Yi•shᵊm•ã•eil•imꞋ, slavers who sell him in Mi•tzᵊraꞋyim (37.2) | ||
| ≈BCE 1772 | Wegaf becomes Par•ohꞋ. | ||
| ≈BCE 1770 |
| ||
| ≈BCE 1764 | Qᵊhãt born, middle son of Lei•wiꞋ. Ergo, about (35 at birth of older brother Gershom + 2 =) 37 years after birth of Lei•wiꞋ. Like his father, he died at 63 in the darkness (+ "70 years" of Mi•tzᵊraꞋyim = 133 yrs). | ||
| ≈BCE 1762 | Yo•seiphꞋ vizier/viceroy over Mi•tzᵊraꞋyim, age 30, during 7 yrs of plenty (bᵊ-Reish•itꞋ 41.46) | ||
≈BCE 1761  | Second Intermediate Period: 13th-16th Dynasties, Abydos Rule & 17th Dynasty. (Successions uncertain due to paucity of evidence.). | ||
≈BCE 1755 | Yo•seiphꞋ, estimated age 37, Yi•sᵊr•ã•eilꞋ joins Yo•seiphꞋ in Mi•tzᵊraꞋyim reportedly at age 130. Although this is an age different from intercalations in either A•rãmꞋ or Kᵊna•anꞋ; yet it was obvious (and not questioned in awe) not only by Hebrews, but also by the Egyptian Par•ohꞋ Calendric Transitions While it is tempting to assess this as the numerological age 60 (Sirius 70 + 60 =130), this would dictate that Yi•sᵊr•ã•eilꞋ went to Egypt ≈BCE (1811-60=) 1751 whereas a different line of computations indicates he arrived in Egypt at age 130 (i.e. 122 years), 62 years later, in ≈BCE 1689. This suggests an early attempt by scribes to reconcile (rather than conceal and ignore) various lines of computation. | ||
| ≈BCE 1740 |
| ||
| ≈BCE 1726 | AmᵊrãmꞋ, grandson of Lei•wiꞋ, was 1st of 4 sons born of Qᵊhãt. | ||
| ≈BCE 1708 | A•ha•ronꞋ born 123 years before 40th year after Yᵊtzi•ãhꞋ (bᵊ-Mi•dᵊbarꞋ 38.33), three years before Mosh•ëhꞋ (Shᵊm•otꞋ 7.7). | ||
| ≈BCE 1696 | Egyptologists' & Archeologists' "Low" Dating vs Scientists' "High" Dating | ||
| ≈BCE 1682 | Yo•seiphꞋ died still in Mi•tzᵊraꞋyim at age 110 (bᵊ-Reish•itꞋ 50.26) and was mummified. In the ongoing transition of his time, from the lunar calendar to our current solar year calendar, 110 is plausible as a real age as we think of it today. But 110 does stretch credulity a little while his life story seems to scream out something far more significant: Yo•seiphꞋ spent most of his life in the darkness of Mi•tzᵊraꞋyim—which would be symbolized as "70 year" period. And the last thing we hear from him is that Yo•seiphꞋ was oriented to the time, after an unknown period subsequent to his death that his mummy would be returned to Kᵊna•anꞋ—where the numerological equivalent of an "uncertain period" = '40 years'! Stated alternatively, Yo•seiphꞋ looked toward "70 years" + '40 years' = 110 years as his final number of days!!! If this is the case, then we are given no indication at all of his physical age at death. So, we'll assume 75 actual solar years. | ||
| ≈BCE 1681 | Khë•tzᵊr•ōnꞋ born to Pã•rëtzꞋ | ||
| ≈BCE 1672 | Yi•sᵊr•ã•eilꞋ dies in Mi•tzᵊraꞋyim after living there 17 years, at age 77 (Sirius 70 + 77 = 147; Calendric Transitions | ||
| ≈BCE 1655 | Par•ohꞋ Sa-hotep-ka- | ||
≈BCE  | to ≈BCE Par•ohꞋ Sen-akht-en- | ||
≈BCE 1622 | Rãm born to Khë•tzᵊr•ōnꞋ | ||
| ≈BCE | to ≈BCE Par•ohꞋ Se-qen-en-
| ||
| ≈BCE 1608 | Estimated birth of Yᵊho•shuꞋa Bin-Nun: 110 earlier than his estimated date of death at 110 years (based on estimated years leading Yi•sᵊr•ã•eilꞋ after the death of Mōsh•ëhꞋ). | ||
| ≈BCE | to ≈BCE : Par•ohꞋ Ka-moses, of uncertain lineage (only speculated to be son of Seqen-en-Ra Tao), reigned in Waset (Thebes). | ||
| ≈BCE | Mosh•ëhꞋ born to AmᵊrãmꞋ (Dᵊvãr•imꞋ 34.7; 3 years after A•ha•ronꞋ and 80 (numerology: 2 generations assigned 40 "years" each) before Yᵊtzi•ãhꞋ (Shᵊm•otꞋ 7.7). Found in basket of bulrushes floating down the Nile by 12-year-old royal princess-in-waiting [Khãt-shepꞋset?], who thereby self-identified herself with Thus, Mosh•ëhꞋ was adopted into the royal Pharaonic House of Par•ohꞋ ???-moses | ||
≈BCE  | Egyptian New Kingdom, 18th Dynastyto ≈BCE : Par•ohꞋ Neb-pehty- He had two daughters, either of whom could have been the princess in Shᵊm•ōtꞋ 2.5: Princess
Another of his sons was
Probably in concert with his inauguration, Currently, researchers fight off anti-Bible agendists, on one side, while, on the other side, simultaneously struggling ineffectually to squeeze the 14C-dated Καλλίστη Eruption into the same time frame with this stela that seems to describe that very eruption but names its sponsor as Neb-pehty- | ||
| ≈BCE 1551 |
| ||
| ≈BCE | 14C Dating of 𐤑𐤓-Colony
| ||
| ≈BCE | Egyptologists' & Archeologists' "Low" Dating vs Scientists' "High" Dating | ||
| ≈BCE |
Yᵊtzi•ãhꞋ(Adopted Hebrew) Pharaonic Prince □-Moses, at 80 (numerology = 2 x 40 years) years of age, calls on Par•ohꞋ to release Hebrews (Shᵊm•otꞋ 7.7).
| ||
| ≈BCE | to ≈BCE : Par•ohꞋ | ≈BCE 1542 | Yᵊho•shuꞋa Bin-Nun destroys Yᵊri•khoꞋ. |
≈BCE 1536 | Begin: Late Bronze Age Collapse / Greek Dark Age | ||
| ≈BCE | |||
| ≈BCE 1515 | Birth of Pharaonic Princess Khãt-shepꞋset, daughter of | ||
| ≈BCE 1512 | A•ha•ronꞋ died age 123. | ||
| ≈BCE 1505 | Episode, during the tenure of Ëlᵊã•zãrꞋ as Kō•heinꞋ ha-Jã•dōlꞋ, of Bil•ãmꞋ & Bã•lãqꞋ in Mo•ãvꞋ (modern Jordan, across the river east of Yᵊri•khoꞋ). | ||
| ≈BCE | to ≈BCE Par•ohꞋ | ||
| ≈BCE | Estimated death of Mōsh•ëhꞋ (age 80 Yᵊho•shuꞋa Bin-Nun takes command after Mosh•ëhꞋ dies at age 120 (numerology = 3 x 40 years), interpolating from both | ||
| ≈BCE | to ≈BCE . Men-kheper | ||
| ≈BCE | to ≈BCE — Regency of Khãt-shepꞋset for infant or minor nephew Men-kheper | ||
| ≈BCE | to ≈BCE — Co-reign of Queen-Par•ohꞋ Khãt-shepꞋset with limited (probably ceremonial) input from youth minor Men-kheper | ||
| ≈BCE | Sole reign of Queen Par•ohꞋ Khat-shepset. The aunt of Men-kheper | ||
| ≈BCE 1492 | Enslaved to mëlꞋëkh A•rãmꞋ, 8 years (Sho•phᵊt•imꞋ 3.8); Bᵊn•eiꞋ-Yi•sᵊrã•eilꞋ followed their own eyes for approx. 13 years prior to the first sho•pheitꞋ. | ||
| ≈BCE 1483 | Estimated date that Yᵊho•shuꞋa Bin-Nun dies at age 110 (numerology = "70 years" of darkness spent in Mi•tzᵊraꞋyim + "40 years"; Yᵊho•shuꞋa 24.29); Bᵊn•eiꞋ-Yᵊho•shuꞋa do whatever is right in their own eyes (Sho•phᵊt•imꞋ 17.6); body of a Lei•wiꞋ’s concubine, who was abused to death in Giv•ãhꞋ by the Tribe of Bin•yã•minꞋ, cut in 12 pieces (Sho•phᵊt•imꞋ 19); A•ronꞋ ha-Bᵊrit in Giv•ãhꞋ, Pi•nᵊkhasꞋ Bën-Ëlᵊã•zãrꞋ Bën-A•ha•ronꞋ officiated (Sho•phᵊt•imꞋ 20.27-28; Yᵊho•shuꞋa 24.33). | ||
| ≈BCE 1479 | Sho•pheitꞋ #1: A•tᵊni•eilꞋ Bën-Qᵊnaz (younger brother of Kã•leivꞋ, Sho•phᵊt•imꞋ 3.9), 40 years (Sho•phᵊt•imꞋ 3.11) [calc. fm Yᵊho•shuꞋa's death, estimating 13 yrs. in which Bᵊn•eiꞋ-Yi•sᵊr•ã•eilꞋ followed after their own eyes]; enslaved to Ë•gᵊl•ōnꞋ, mëlꞋëkh Mo•ãvꞋ, 18 years concurrent with Sho•phᵊt•imꞋ [interpolated from Yᵊhoshua and Sho•pheitꞋ #1 | ||
| ≈BCE 1476 |
| ||
| ≈BCE | Death of Queen Par•ohꞋ Khat-shepset. Dental indications of her mummy | ||
| ≈BCE 1452 | Mi•shᵊkãnꞋ completed 02.01.01 (on the Judaic calendar) of the Yᵊtzi•ãhꞋ (Shᵊm•ōtꞋ 40.17) | ||
| ≈BCE 1450 | Na•khᵊsh•ōnꞋ born to Am•i•nã•dãvꞋ [calc. as average # yrs/generation from birth of Pã•rëtzꞋ to birth of Dã•widꞋ ha-MëlꞋëkh] | ||
| ≈BCE | to ≈BCE | ||
| ≈BCE 1441 | Sho•pheitꞋ #2: Ei•hudꞋ Bën-GeirꞋã (Sho•phᵊt•imꞋ 3.15) 80 years (Sho•phᵊt•imꞋ 3.30). | ||
| ≈BCE | to ≈BCE : Par•ohꞋ | ||
| ≈BCE 1401 | Par•ohꞋ | ||
| ≈BCE 1377 | Par•ohꞋ | ||
| ≈BCE 1366 | Sho•pheitꞋ #3: Sha•mᵊgarꞋ Bën-A•nãtꞋ (Sho•phᵊt•imꞋ 3.31) 20 years (Sho•phᵊt•imꞋ 4.3) [calc. fm Yᵊtzi•ãhꞋ + 212; not from uncertain duration of Sho•pheitꞋ #2 who officiated "80 yrs".] | ||
| ≈BCE 1364 | Sa•lᵊm•ãꞋ born to Na•khᵊsh•ōnꞋ | ||
| ≈BCE 1351 | Par•ohꞋ Nefer-neferu- | ||
| ≈BCE 1348 | Sho•pheitꞋ #4: Dᵊvōr•ãhꞋ ha-Nᵊvi•yãhꞋ EishꞋët La•pid•ōtꞋ (Sho•phᵊt•imꞋ 4.4) 40 years (Sho•phᵊt•imꞋ 5.31) [calc. fm Sho•pheitꞋ #3 who officiated 20 yrs.]; story of Yã•eilꞋ (Sho•phᵊt•imꞋ 4.17ff) | ||
| ≈BCE 1342 | Par•ohꞋ | ||
| ≈BCE 1337 | Par•ohꞋ Ai reigns in Mi•tzᵊraꞋyim | ||
| ≈BCE | to ≈BCE : Par•ohꞋ | ||
| ≈BCE | to ≈BCE : Par•ohꞋ | ||
| ≈BCE 1310 | Enslaved to Mi•dᵊyãnꞋ 7 years, partially concurrent (?) with feckless Sho•phᵊt•imꞋ (Sho•phᵊt•imꞋ 6.1) made tunnels in hills of YᵊhudꞋãh | ||
| ≈BCE 1304 | Sho•pheitꞋ #5: Gi•dᵊōnꞋ Bën-Yō•ãshꞋ (Sho•phᵊt•imꞋ 6.11) officiated 40 years (8.28) | ||
≈BCE  | to ≈BCE : Par•ohꞋ Later in his reign, | ||
| ≈BCE | to ≈BCE : Par•ohꞋ Theologians misinterpret Shᵊm•ōtꞋ 1.11 — in which the scribe, copying a ms. centuries after the fact, identifies the ancient city name along with the city's then-current name (in the same way I refer to Kengir (Mesopotamia) as Iraq, Persia as Iran or Constantinople as Istanbul so that readers of my era can relate) — as "proof" that the city was built by | ||
| ≈BCE 1278 | BōꞋaz, great-grandfather of Dã•widꞋ ha-MëlꞋëkh, born to Sa•lᵊm•ãꞋ [calc. as average # yrs/generation from birth of Pã•rëtzꞋ to birth of Dã•widꞋ ha-MëlꞋëkh] | ||
| ≈BCE 1266 | Sho•pheitꞋ #6: Av•i•mëlꞋëkh Bën-Yᵊrubba•alꞋ, mëlꞋëkh in ShᵊkhëmꞋ (Sho•phᵊt•imꞋ 9.1) 3 years (9.22) | ||
| ≈BCE 1264 | Sho•pheitꞋ #7 & #8 (concurrent): Tō•lã Bën-Pu•ãhꞋ (Sho•phᵊt•imꞋ 10.1) 23 years and Yã•irꞋ ha-Gi•lᵊãdꞋi 22 years (Sho•phᵊt•imꞋ 10.3). | ||
| ≈BCE 1260 | Enslaved to Greek Pūlossians and bᵊn•eiꞋ-A•mōnꞋ [modern Amman, western Jordan] during last 18 years of Sho•phᵊt•imꞋ #7 & #8 (Sho•phᵊt•imꞋ 10.7-8) | ||
| ≈BCE 1251 | Par•ohꞋ Mer-en- "… and in [Kᵊna•anꞋ] itself the Egyptian occupational levels were replaced by those of the post- Thæra eruption (≈BCE ) Greek Pūlossians, the latest member of the "Sea Peoples" naval confederation, which | ||
| ≈BCE 1249 | Estimated date of Rut and BōꞋaz; a false parallel is sometimes asserted between Rut 1 and Sho•phᵊt•imꞋ 10. The רָעָב of Rut 1.1 contrasted against no רָעָב mentioned in Sho•phᵊt•imꞋ; but, rather צָרָה of Sho•phᵊt•imꞋ 10.9-16, ≈BCE 1316 [calc. ⅔ from birth of BōꞋaz to birth of Ō•veidꞋ since BōꞋaz mentioned to Rut that he was old] | ||
| ≈BCE 1243 | Sho•pheitꞋ #9: Yi•phᵊtakhꞋ ha-Gi•lãd•iꞋ 6 yrs (Sho•phᵊt•imꞋ 11.1, 12.7) in RãmãtꞋ ha-Mi•tzᵊp•ëhꞋ near Ma•khan•ãꞋyim, | ||
| ≈BCE 1238 | Sho•pheitꞋ #10: IvᵊtzãnꞋ of Beit LëkhꞋëm 7 years (Sho•phᵊt•imꞋ 12.8-9) | ||
| ≈BCE 1232 | Sho•pheitꞋ #11: Eil•ōn of the tribe of Zᵊvul•unꞋ 10 years (Sho•phᵊt•imꞋ 12.11) | ||
| ≈BCE 1231 | Meren- The ruling Par•ohꞋ inscribed a Victory Stela speaks of Meren- "An inscription of [ | ||
| ≈BCE 1223 | Sho•pheitꞋ #12: Avᵊd•ōnꞋ Bën- Hi•leilꞋ 8 yrs (Sho•phᵊt•imꞋ 12.13-15) | ||
| ≈BCE 1216 | Sho•pheitꞋ #13: Shi•mᵊsh•ōnꞋ Bën-Mã•nōꞋakh [corrupted to “Samson”] 20 years (Sho•phᵊt•imꞋ 15.20; 16.31) | ||
| ≈BCE 1213 | Par•ohꞋ | ||
| ≈BCE 1207 | Par•ohꞋ | ||
| ≈BCE 1206 | Enslaved to Greek Pūlossians 40 years (Sho•phᵊt•imꞋ 13.1) while Eil•iꞋ ha-kō•heinꞋ raises: Shᵊmu•eilꞋ ha-Nã•viꞋ. The A•ronꞋ יְהוָׂה {Existant} is brought from where Yᵊho•shuꞋa Bin-Nun originally placed it, in Shil•ōhꞋ, to hã-ËvꞋën hã-EiꞋzër to fight the Greek Pūlossians; but, instead, the Greek Pūlossians captured the A•ronꞋ יְהוָׂה {Existant} (Shᵊmu•eilꞋ ÃlꞋëph 4.1-18) and took it to AshᵊdōdꞋ where they developed עְֳפָלִים (Shᵊmu•eilꞋ ÃlꞋëph 5.1-6), so they sent it off to Ëqᵊr•ōnꞋ (5.10), who then developed עְֳפָלִים. After 7 months, the exasperated and terror-stricken Greek Pūlossians put it on a cart, tied with a rope to two driverless milk cows that had never been yoked, which pulled it to the field of Yᵊho•shuꞋa in Beit ShëmꞋësh (6.13-14). Yᵊtzi•ãhꞋ + 416 (Sho•pheitꞋ 13-20) [calc. fm Sho•pheitꞋ #13 who officiated 20 yrs] | ||
| ≈BCE 1202 | Par•ohꞋ Sa- | ||
| ≈BCE 1200 | End: Late Bronze Age Collapse—in Kᵊna•anꞋ | ||
≈BCE 1199 | Iron Age (in Kᵊna•anꞋ) | ||
| ≈BCE 1196 | Queen-Par•ohꞋ Ta- | ||
≈BCE 1192  | Par•ohꞋ | ||
| ≈BCE 1192 | Ō•veidꞋ, father of Yi•shaiꞋ and grandfather of Dã•widꞋ (birth of Dã•widꞋ; calc. as average # yrs/generation from birth of Pã•rëtzꞋ to birth of Dã•widꞋ ha-MëlꞋëkh). | ||
| ≈BCE 1190 | Par•ohꞋ | ||
| ≈BCE 1173 | Par•ohꞋ | ||
| ≈BCE 1167 | Yi•shaiꞋ, father of Dã•widꞋ, born [calc. as average # yrs/generation from birth of Pã•rëtzꞋ to birth of Dã•widꞋ ha-MëlꞋëkh]. | ||
| ≈BCE 1161 | A•ronꞋ יְהוָׂה {Existant} fetched to house of Av•iꞋnã•dãvꞋ in Qi•rᵊy•atꞋ Yᵊãr•imꞋ, where it remained for 20 years (Shᵊmu•eilꞋ ÃlꞋëph 7.2) Ëlᵊã•zãrꞋ Bën-Av•iꞋnã•dãvꞋ officiates (Shᵊmu•eilꞋ ÃlꞋëph 7.1), during the days of Yi•shaiꞋ and the elder brothers of Dã•widꞋ. | ||
| ≈BCE 1154 | Par•ohꞋ | ||
| ≈BCE 1149 | Par•ohꞋ | ||
| ≈BCE 1143 | Par•ohꞋ | ||
| ≈BCE 1142 | Birth of Dã•widꞋ, 7th son of Yi•shaiꞋ (Di•vᵊr•eiꞋ-ha-Yãm•imꞋ ÂlꞋëph 2.13-15), [calc. fm Dã•widꞋ’s coronation estimated at 23 yrs of age]. | ||
| ≈BCE 1136 | Par•ohꞋ | ||
| ≈BCE 1134 | Shᵊmu•eilꞋ ha-Nã•viꞋ anoints Shã•ūlꞋ Bën-Qish MëlꞋëkh Yi•sᵊr•ã•eilꞋ, | ||
| ≈BCE 1131 | Par•ohꞋ | ||
| ≈BCE 1130 | Shᵊmu•eilꞋ ha-Nã•viꞋ mã•shakhꞋ Dã•widꞋ (Shᵊmu•eilꞋ ÃlꞋëph 16.3) MëlꞋëkh YᵊhudꞋãh in Khë•vᵊr•onꞋ at 22 years of age [became king of Yi•sᵊr•ã•eilꞋ at 30]; reigned 7 years 6 mos.; Shᵊmu•eilꞋ Beit 2.4, 11). | ||
| ≈BCE 1129 |
| ||
| ≈BCE 1123 |
| ||
| ≈BCE 1120 | Par•ohꞋ | ||
| ≈BCE 1114 | General AvᵊneirꞋ ("father of an oil-lampliight") anoints Prince Ish-BōꞋshët (né Æsh | ||
| ≈BCE 1112 |
Dã•widꞋ Bën Yi•shaiꞋ MëlꞋëkh Yi•sᵊr•ã•eilꞋ in Yᵊru•shã•laꞋyim as capital 33 yrs (Mᵊlãkh•imꞋ ÃꞋlëph 2.11; Shᵊmu•eilꞋ Beit 5.4) = total 40 years; Dã•widꞋ 30 years old when made king (Shᵊmu•eilꞋ Beit 5.4) "A breakthrough in the research of the Hebrew scriptures has shed new light on the period in which the Bible was written. Prof. Gershon Galil of the Department of Biblical Studies at the University of Haifa has deciphered an inscription [of the Qeiyafa Ostracon] dating from…the period of King David’s reign, and has shown that this is a Hebrew inscription. The discovery makes this the earliest known Hebrew writing, which derived from the Sumerian language of Avᵊrã•hãmꞋ. Sumerian cuneiform is the origin of the Semite dialect, and the proto-Sinai Hebrew alephbeit. They are one unbroken line of language evolution—dating back to ≈BCE 2900, and roughly the same period as Egyptian hieroglyphs! These are preceded by the "proto-literate period", pictographs of hunting grounds and the like preceding more complex written communications. " When archeologists say "BCE 10th century namely reign of Dã•widꞋ ha-MëlꞋëkh," they fail to realize that the two are assumed, to be the same; the reign of Dã•widꞋ ha-MëlꞋëkh is assumed to have been in the BCE 10th century. They are not necessarily identical. The ostracon is dated to the reign of Dã•widꞋ ha-MëlꞋëkh — whenever that is demonstrated to have been. The language, demonstrably Hebrew, is written in proto-BH (predating the MSH alephbet). | ||
| ≈BCE 1107 | Par•ohꞋ | ||
≈BCE 1087  | Par•ohꞋ Nes-ba-neb-Djed (Hellenized to Smendes) reigns in Mi•tzᵊraꞋyim. | ||
| ≈BCE 1080 40yrs |
Kō•heinꞋ ha-Jã•dōlꞋ Tzã•dōqꞋ Bën-Akh•iy•tūvꞋ
| ||
| ≈BCE 1076 | Beit ha-Mi•qᵊdãshꞋ is begun in Yᵊru•shã•laꞋyim (4th year of ShᵊlomꞋoh, 7 years to build; Mᵊlãkh•imꞋ ÃꞋlëph 6.38). | ||
| ≈BCE 1069 | Beit ha-Mi•qᵊdãshꞋ is completed in Yᵊru•shã•laꞋyim (11th year of ShᵊlomꞋoh, 7 years to build; Mᵊlãkh•imꞋ ÃꞋlëph 6.38). | ||
| ≈BCE 1059 | Par•ohꞋ | ||
| r ≈BCE 1055–1029 | Invasion by Par•ohꞋ Hëdj-khëpër- Dating of the invasion, by contrast, is more straightforward. 14C date of Tël RᵊkhōvꞋ Iron Age 1A-B "late eleventh-early tenth centuries for stratum D-3" (i.e., BCE 1050-950), one of the several destructions. | ||
| ≈BCE 1043 | Par•ohꞋ Some time early in, or immediately preceding, his reign (i.e. ≈BCE 1047; Egyptologists' & Archeologists' "Low" Dating vs Scientists' "High" Dating Par•ohꞋ | ||
| ≈BCE 1040 | Death of ShᵊlōmꞋ•h ha-mëlꞋëkh [interpolated from his beginning the building of Beit ha-Mi•qᵊdãshꞋ of ShᵊlōmꞋōh at a young but reasonable age, pointing at an earlier dating, versus cascading the reigns of successive kings of the 10 northern tribes of Yi•sᵊr•ã•eilꞋ upward from ca. BCE 722, pointing at a later dating]. The twin descriptions of "40 years" for the successive reigns of both Dã•widꞋ ha-MëlꞋëkh and ShᵊlōmꞋ•h ha-mëlꞋëkh suggest that a significant part of the "gap" between "High" and "Low" datings (Egyptologists' & Archeologists' "Low" Dating vs Scientists' "High" Dating | ||
| ≈BCE 1040 | RᵊkhavᵊãmꞋ Bën-ShᵊlōmꞋōh becomes mëlꞋëkh YᵊhūdꞋãh in Yᵊrū•shã•laꞋyim, (reigned 17 yrs. Mᵊlãkh•imꞋ ÃꞋlëph 12- 14.21) [Shlomoh's death 5 years before Shë•shë•n•q invasion [Calc. after ShᵊlomꞋoh ha-MëlꞋëkh Yi•sᵊr•ã•eilꞋ reigned in Yᵊru•shã•laꞋyim 40 years (Mᵊlãkh•imꞋ | ||
| ≈BCE 1040 | Yã•rãvᵊãmꞋ Bën-Nᵊvãt, MëlꞋëkh Yi•sᵊr•ã•eilꞋ in ShᵊkhëmꞋ and Pᵊnu•eilꞋ (east of Ya•rᵊd•einꞋ river on south bank of Yabōq river, eastern mound of modern Arabized Tulul al-Dhahab) 22 yrs (Mᵊlãkh•imꞋ ÃꞋlëph 14.20), (Mᵊlãkh•imꞋ ÃꞋlëph 11.26ff; 12.16ff; 14.20; 15.2, 9; 14.20. | ||
| ≈BCE 1016 | Ãv•i•yãhꞋ Bën-RᵊkhavᵊãmꞋ, mëlꞋëkh YᵊhūdꞋãh in Yᵊrū•shã•laꞋyim, 3 years, (18th year of Yã•rãvᵊãmꞋ, mëlꞋëkh Yi•sᵊr•ã•eilꞋ; Mᵊlãkh•imꞋ ÃꞋlëph 15.1-2; Di•vᵊr•eiꞋ-ha-Yãm•imꞋ Beit 13.1). | ||
| BCE 1010–1002 | Par•ohꞋ | ||
| ≈BCE 1007 | ÕsãꞋ Bën-Ãv•i•yãhꞋ, mëlꞋëkh YᵊhūdꞋãh in Yᵊrū•shã•laꞋyim 41 yrs, (Mᵊlãkh•imꞋ ÃꞋlëph 15.9-10; Di•vᵊr•eiꞋ-ha-Yãm•imꞋ Beit 16.13). | ||
| ≈BCE 1005 | Nã•dãvꞋ Bën-Yã•rãv•ãmꞋ, MëlꞋëkh Yi•sᵊr•ã•eilꞋ in Shᵊkhëm, 2nd yr of ÕsãꞋ , for 2 yrs (Mᵊlãkh•imꞋ ÃꞋlëph 15.25). | ||
| r ≈BCE 1002–975 | Par•ohꞋ Osorkon Sr., "the Elder"; throne name | ||
| ≈BCE 1001 | Baᵊãs•ãꞋ Bën-Akh•i•yãhꞋ, MëlꞋëkh Yi•sᵊr•ã•eilꞋ in Ti•rᵊtz•ãhꞋ 3rd yr of ÕsãꞋ (Mᵊlãkh•imꞋ ÃꞋlëph 15.28 & 33), for 24 yrs (15.33); Di•vᵊr•eiꞋ-ha-Yãm•imꞋ Beit 16.1, reading the 36th year of ÕsãꞋ , must be in error? | ||
| ≈BCE 975 | EilꞋãh Bën-Baᵊãs•ãꞋ, MëlꞋëkh Yi•sᵊr•ã•eilꞋ in Ti•rᵊtz•ãhꞋ (26th year of ÕsãꞋ , 2 yrs; Mᵊlãkh•imꞋ ÃꞋlëph 16.8); assassinated by his servant and successor, Zi•mᵊr•iꞋ (father unknown). | ||
| ≈BCE 971 | Zi•mᵊr•iꞋ (lineage unknown, former servant and assassin of EilꞋãh Bën-Baᵊãs•ãꞋ), MëlꞋëkh Yi•sᵊr•ã•eilꞋ in =Ti•rᵊtz•ãhꞋ 7 DAYS (27th year of ÕsãꞋ ; Mᵊlãkh•imꞋ ÃꞋlëph 16.9-10). | ||
| ≈BCE 971 | Rival factions in Yi•sᵊr•ã•eilꞋ: Õmᵊr•iꞋ | ||
| ≈BCE 969 | Õmᵊr•iꞋ prevailed as MëlꞋëkh Yi•sᵊr•ã•eilꞋ beginning in the 31st regnal year of ÕsãꞋ over YᵊhūdꞋãh. After ruling 6 years in Ti•rᵊtz•ãhꞋ, Õmᵊr•iꞋ moved his capital to Shō•mᵊr•ōnꞋ (Herod renamed city Sabastiyeh; located ≈10 km NW of ShᵊkhëmꞋ), where he reigned for 12 years, for a total of 18 years (Mᵊlãkh•imꞋ ÃꞋlëph 16.23). Shō•mᵊr•ōnꞋ remained the capital of Yi•sᵊr•ã•eilꞋ until the deracination in BCE 720. Interpreting the verse as 12 years overlapping the 6 years unbalances the two chronologies of kings, so that his reign fails to begin in the 31st regnal year of ÕsãꞋ . Balancing the two royal chronologies (from the death of ShᵊlōmꞋōh to the deracination of Yi•sᵊr•ã•eilꞋ in BCE 722) also reveals that a reign of x (apparently full) years of any king usually correlates to partial intrusion into either the beginning or ending year, or both; so that the reign covers, at least partially, x+1 years. | ||
| ≈BCE 957 | Akh•ãvꞋ Bën-Õmᵊr•iꞋ, MëlꞋëkh Yi•sᵊr•ã•eilꞋ in Shō•mᵊr•ōnꞋ Akh•ãvꞋ intermarried a princess of idolatrous Tzi•yᵊd•ōnꞋ, Iy-ZëvꞋël Bat ët- Khi•eilꞋ, from Beit Eil, built Yᵊri•khoꞋ (16.34). Eil•i•yãhꞋu ha-Nã•viꞋ proclaimed a famine, demonstrated a barrel of meal and a cruse of oil not exhausted (17.1-16), raised a widow’s son (17.17-24), went to Akh•ãvꞋ in the 3rd year of the famine; challenged the 450 nᵊviy•eiꞋ During Akh•ãvꞋ’s 2 wars with Syria (Mᵊlãkh•imꞋ ÃꞋlëph 20), Tzi•yᵊd•ōnꞋ, Iy-ZëvꞋël Bat ët- | ||
| ≈BCE 953 | Yᵊhō•shã•phãtꞋ Bën-ÕsãꞋ , mëlꞋëkh YᵊhūdꞋãh reigned 25 years (Mᵊlãkh•imꞋ ÃꞋlëph 15.24; 22.50; Di•vᵊr•eiꞋ-ha-Yãm•imꞋ Beit 20.31). | ||
| ≈BCE 933–898 | Egyptologists' & Archeologists' "Low" Dating vs Scientists' "High" Dating | ||
| ≈BCE 925—908 | |||
| ≈BCE 925–908 | O•vad•yãhꞋ ha-Nã•viꞋ. | ||
| ≈BCE 923 |  𒀸𒋩𒆠 (Neo-Assyrian) king  112x20.png "Salᵊmãnū-Asharëdū (Shalmaneser-3)"){kind=small} 3rd (Salᵊmãnū-Asharëdū; Shalmaneser-3). battled an alliance that included both Akh•ãvꞋ, MëlꞋëkh Yi•sᵊr•ã•eilꞋ and Yᵊhō•shã•phãtꞋ mëlꞋëkh YᵊhūdꞋãh, was first seriously contended at the Battle of Battle of Qa•rᵊqōrꞋ, and appears to have raged from west coastal Syria down through the Levant, concluding with the Battle of Rãm•ōtꞋ Ji•lᵊãdꞋ, in which Akh•ãvꞋ, MëlꞋëkh Yi•sᵊr•ã•eilꞋ was killed.
Knowing that the 𒀸𒋩𒆠 (Neo-Assyria) had sent out the order to assassinate Akh•ãvꞋ specifically (22.31), and to evade the prophecy of Mi•khã•yᵊhuꞋ Bën-Yi•mᵊl•ãhꞋ that he would be killed in that battle, Akh•ãvꞋ ha-mëlꞋëkh Yi•sᵊr•ã•eilꞋ disguised himself as an ordinary charioteer, convincing Yᵊhō•shã•phãtꞋ mëlꞋëkh YᵊhūdꞋãh to dress as Akh•ãvꞋ ha-mëlꞋëkh Yi•sᵊr•ã•eilꞋ (wickedly scheming for Yᵊhō•shã•phãtꞋ to be killed instead). When the 𒀸𒋩𒆠 (Neo-Assyria chased down whom they thought was Akh•ãvꞋ and discovered it wasn't him, they were disheartened. In frustration, a single 𒀸𒋩𒆠 (Neo-Assyria) (sharpshooter/sniper?) archer picked-out Akh•ãvꞋ in the fray and launched an arrow into the midst of the battling warriors of Yi•sᵊr•ã•eilꞋ and YᵊhūdꞋãh. The arrow struck Akh•ãvꞋ in the gut and he bled out in the chariot. Thus, Akh•ãvꞋ died in the Battle of Rãm•ōtꞋ Ji•lᵊãdꞋ. | ||
| ≈BCE 922 | Yᵊhō•rãmꞋBën-Akh•ãvꞋ MëlꞋëkh Yi•sᵊr•ã•eilꞋ 5 years before Yᵊhō•rãmꞋBën-Yᵊhō•shã•phãtꞋ (Mᵊlãkh•imꞋ Beit 8.16-17; Di•vᵊr•eiꞋ-ha-Yãm•imꞋ Beit 21.5, 20). Yᵊhōr•ãmꞋ Bën-Akh•ãvꞋ, MëlꞋëkh Y•sᵊr•ã•eilꞋ in Shō•mᵊr•ōnꞋ; 18th yr of Yᵊhō•shâ•phâtꞋ Bën-•sâꞋ mëlꞋëkh YᵊhūdꞋãh (ergo, Mᵊlãkh•imꞋ Beit 1.17 must be in error?), reigned for 12 yrs (Mᵊlãkh•imꞋ Beit 3.1). | ||
| ≈BCE 917-893 | Egyptologists' & Archeologists' "Low" Dating vs Scientists' "High" Dating | ||
| ≈BCE 915 | A•khazᵊyãhꞋū Bën-Akh•ãvꞋ, MëlꞋëkh Yi•sᵊr•ã•eilꞋ in Shō•mᵊr•ōnꞋ (17th yr of Yᵊhō•shâ•phâtꞋ Bën-•sâꞋ mëlꞋëkh YᵊhūdꞋãh for 2 yrs) Mᵊlãkh•imꞋ ÃꞋlëph 22.52); Eil•i•yãhꞋū ha-Nã•viꞋ & fire from heavens consumes 50-soldier platoons sent by A•khazᵊyãhꞋū Bën-Akh•ãvꞋ to kill him (Mᵊlãkh•imꞋ Beit 1). | ||
| ≈BCE 914 | Yᵊhō•rãmꞋBën-Yᵊhō•shã•phãtꞋ, mëlꞋëkh YᵊhūdꞋãh in Yᵊrū•shã•laꞋyim (8 yrs., 5th yr of Yᵊhō•rãmꞋBën-Akh•ãvꞋ, Mᵊlãkh•imꞋ Beit 8.16-17; Di•vᵊr•eiꞋ-ha-Yãm•imꞋ Beit 21.5, 20). A•talᵊyãhꞋū Bat-Õmᵊr•iꞋ had been given to marry Yᵊhō•rãmꞋBën-Yᵊhō•shã•phãtꞋ, MëlꞋëkh YᵊhudꞋãh by Akh•ãvꞋ Bën-Õmᵊr•iꞋ, MëlꞋëkh Yi•sᵊr•ã•eilꞋ and his wife, Tzi•yᵊd•ōnꞋ, Iy-ZëvꞋël Bat ët- | ||
| ≈BCE 908–835 | Ël•i•shãꞋ ha-Nã•viꞋ. | ||
| ≈BCE 908 | A•khazᵊyãhꞋū Bën-Yᵊhō•rãmꞋ, mëlꞋëkh YᵊhūdꞋãh in Yᵊrū•shã•laꞋyim (11th & 12th yrs of Yᵊhō•rãmꞋBën-Akh•ãvꞋ for 1 yr; Mᵊlãkh•imꞋ Beit 8.25-26; Di•vᵊr•eiꞋ-ha-Yãm•imꞋ Beit 22.2). | ||
| ≈BCE 907 | YeiꞋhū Bën-Yᵊhō•shã•phãtꞋ (Bën-Ni•mᵊsh•iꞋ),
When YeiꞋhū Bën-Yᵊhō•shã•phãtꞋ (Bën-Ni•mᵊsh•iꞋ) assassinated A•khazᵊyãhꞋū Bën-Yᵊhō•rãmꞋ, MëlꞋëkh YᵊhudꞋãh, his widowed Queen Mother, A•talᵊyãhꞋū Bat-Õmᵊr•iꞋ, wrested the throne of YᵊhūdꞋãh. When she learned that YeiꞋhū, having been anointed MëlꞋëkh Yi•sᵊr•ã•eilꞋ by Ël•i•shãꞋ ha-Nã•viꞋ, had also assassinated her entire family in Yi•sᵊr•ã•eilꞋ, she realized her sudden vulnerability. She then assassinated all rival royal descendants of YᵊhūdꞋãh (i.e. Beit-Dã•widꞋ)—except for a single grandson, YōꞋãsh Bën-A•khazᵊyãhꞋū, who had been rescued from his grandmother and hidden by her own daughter, the boy's aunt, princess Yᵊhō•shavᵊatꞋ Bat Yᵊhōr•ãmꞋ), sister of the deceased A•khazᵊyãhꞋū Bën-Yᵊhō•rãmꞋ, mëlꞋëkh YᵊhūdꞋãh. (Her husband was Yᵊhō•yãd•ã ha-kō•heinꞋ). Thus, A•talᵊyãhꞋū Bat-Õmᵊr•iꞋ succeeded her husband, becoming the Wicked Ma•lᵊk•atꞋ-YᵊhūdꞋãh (the only queen ever to reign in the history of Yi•sᵊr•ã•eilꞋ or YᵊhūdꞋãh) for ≈6 yrs. | ||
| ≈BCE 901 | Yō•ãshꞋ Bën-A•khazᵊyãhꞋū, MëlꞋëkh YᵊhudꞋãh in Yᵊrū•shã•laꞋyim (≈40 years, Di•vᵊr•eiꞋ-ha-Yãm•imꞋ Beit 22.11-12; 23.11; 24.1), began to reign in 7th yr of YeiꞋhū (Mᵊlãkh•imꞋ Beit 12.1). The practice of crediting infringed yrs to both kings seems less prevalent in YᵊhūdꞋãh than in Yi•sᵊr•ã•eilꞋ during this period. | ||
| ≈BCE 883 |
| ||
| ≈BCE 875 | Yᵊhō•ã•khãzꞋ Bën-YeiꞋhū, MëlꞋëkh Yi•sᵊr•ã•eilꞋ in Shō•mᵊr•ōnꞋ (dated 42 yrs later), | ||
| ≈BCE 854 | Yᵊhō•ãshꞋ (also Yō•ãshꞋ) Bën-Yᵊhō•ã•khãzꞋ, MëlꞋëkh Yi•sᵊr•ã•eilꞋ in Shō•mᵊr•ōnꞋ ≈16 yrs. (Mᵊlãkh•imꞋ Beit 13.10; Di•vᵊr•eiꞋ-ha-Yãm•imꞋ Beit 25.17). | ||
| ≈BCE 850 |
     (Middle-Semitic Hebrew; modern: בֵּית דָּוִד) — the House of "David". | ||
| ≈BCE 846 | A•matzᵊyãhꞋū Bën-Yō•ãshꞋ (Bën-A•khazᵊyãhꞋū), MëlꞋëkh YᵊhudꞋãh in Yᵊrū•shã•laꞋyim (≈29 yrs., supposed to begin in 2nd yr. (22?) of Yō•ãshꞋ Bën-Yᵊhō•ã•khãzꞋ (Mᵊlãkh•imꞋ Beit 14.1; Di•vᵊr•eiꞋ-ha-Yãm•imꞋ Beit 25.1). | ||
| ≈BCE 834 | Yã•rãvᵊãmꞋ Bën-Yō•ãshꞋ (Bën-Yᵊhō•ã•khãzꞋ), MëlꞋëkh Yi•sᵊr•ã•eilꞋ in Shō•mᵊr•ōnꞋ for ≈52 yrs. (Mᵊlãkh•imꞋ Beit 13.13; 15.2). | ||
| ≈BCE 813 | A•zarᵊyãhꞋ(ū) Bën-A•matzᵊyãhꞋū, MëlꞋëkh YᵊhudꞋãh in Yᵊrū•shã•laꞋyim ≈52 yrs. The account in Di•vᵊr•eiꞋ-ha-Yãm•imꞋ Beit 26 clearly confuses the name of the king with the name of Ū•zi•yãhꞋū ha-kō•heinꞋ. Not only is A•zarᵊyãhꞋ(ū) given in the account in Mᵊlãkh•imꞋ Beit 14.21; 15.1-2, his son and successor specifies his name as A•zarᵊyãhꞋ(ū). A priori, Ū•zi•yãhꞋū is ha-kō•heinꞋ. | ||
| ≈BCE 808 | Yōn•ãhꞋ Bën-A•mi•taiꞋ, ha-Nã•viꞋ; swallowed-up for 3 days in a דָּ֣ג גָּד֔וֹל | ||
| ≈BCE 778 | ZᵊkharᵊyãhꞋū Bën-Yã•rãvᵊãmꞋ, MëlꞋëkh Yi•sᵊr•ã•eilꞋ in Shō•mᵊr•ōnꞋ ≈6 mos. (Mᵊlãkh•imꞋ Beit 15.8). | ||
| ≈BCE 777 | Sha•lūmꞋ Bën-Yã•veishꞋ, MëlꞋëkh Yi•sᵊr•ã•eilꞋ in Shō•mᵊr•ōnꞋ ≈1 mo. (Mᵊlãkh•imꞋ Beit 15.13-14; v13 promulgates the conflation of the subsequent A•zarᵊyãhꞋ(ū) Bën-A•matzᵊyãhꞋū MëlꞋëkh YᵊhudꞋãh with Ū•zi•yãhꞋū ha-kō•heinꞋ). | ||
| ≈BCE 776 | Mᵊna•kheimꞋ Bën-Gãd•iꞋ, MëlꞋëkh Yi•sᵊr•ã•eilꞋ in Shō•mᵊr•ōnꞋ ≈10 yrs., Pūl was king of 𐤀𐤓𐤌𐤉𐤀 for 2 years during 50th yr of A•zarᵊyãhꞋ(ū) (Mᵊlãkh•imꞋ Beit 15.17-19). | ||
| ≈BCE 769 | Ho•sheiꞋa ha-Nã•viꞋ, BCE 769-698 Hist dating; familiarity of descriptions suggest he lived in the 10 Northern Tribes. | ||
| ≈BCE 763 | |||
| ≈BCE 763 | Pᵊqakh•yãhꞋ Bën-Mᵊna•kheimꞋ, MëlꞋëkh Yi•sᵊr•ã•eilꞋ, ≈2 yrs in Shō•mᵊr•ōnꞋ. Pūl is king of 𐤀𐤓𐤌𐤉𐤀 (Mᵊlãkh•imꞋ Beit 15.23). | ||
| ≈BCE 758 | PëꞋqakh Bën-RᵊmalᵊyãhꞋū, MëlꞋëkh Yi•sᵊr•ã•eilꞋ in Shō•mᵊr•ōnꞋ (BCE 737-732 | ||
| ≈BCE 758 | Yō•tãmꞋ Bën-A•zarᵊyãhꞋu, MëlꞋëkh YᵊhudꞋãh in Yᵊrū•shã•laꞋyim (Mᵊlãkh•imꞋ Beit 15.1ff; Di•vᵊr•eiꞋ-ha-Yãm•imꞋ Beit 26.1ff); confused with Ū•zi•yãhꞋū ha-kō•heinꞋ (26.17ff; Mᵊlãkh•imꞋ Beit 15.7, 32-33 (reigned fm 2nd yr of PëꞋqakh, Mᵊlãkh•imꞋ Beit 16.1), for ≈16 yrs (Mᵊlãkh•imꞋ Beit 15.33); Di•vᵊr•eiꞋ-ha-Yãm•imꞋ Beit 27.1,8). | ||
| ≈BCE 744 | Egyptologists' & Archeologists' "Low" Dating vs Scientists' "High" Dating | ||
| ≈BCE 741 | ÕkhãzꞋ Bën-Yō•tãmꞋ, MëlꞋëkh YᵊhudꞋãh in Yᵊrū•shã•laꞋyim fm 17th yr of PëꞋqakh for ≈16 yrs. (Mᵊlãkh•imꞋ Beit 16.1-2); Di•vᵊr•eiꞋ-ha-Yãm•imꞋ Beit 28.1) Ti•gᵊlat-Pilësër (Mᵊlãkh•imꞋ Beit 16.7) | ||
| ≈BCE 734 | Hō•sheiꞋa Bën-EilꞋãh, became last MëlꞋëkh Yi•sᵊr•ã•eilꞋ in Shō•mᵊr•ōnꞋ, until the derecination; correlated to 12th yr of ÕkhãzꞋ, reigned for ≈9 yrs (Mᵊlãkh•imꞋ Beit 17.1-3; 18.9) | ||
| ≈BCE 726 | Egyptologists' & Archeologists' "Low" Dating vs Scientists' "High" Dating | ||
| ≈BCE 722 | Egyptologists' & Archeologists' "Low" Dating vs Scientists' "High" Dating | ||
| ≈BCE 721 | Egyptologists' & Archeologists' "Low" Dating vs Scientists' "High" Dating | ||
| ≈BCE 720 | Yᵊsha•yahꞋu ha-Nã•viꞋ (1-39 ≈BCE 720) Hist. dating, see also Yᵊsha•yahꞋu ha-Nã•viꞋ Deutero (≈BCE 540) | ||
| ≈BCE 719 | Khi•zᵊq•i•yãhꞋ Bën-ÕkhãzꞋ, MëlꞋëkh of combined-YᵊhūdꞋãh in Yᵊrū•shã•laꞋyim (29 yrs., Mᵊlãkh•imꞋ Beit 18.1-2; Di•vᵊr•eiꞋ-ha-Yãm•imꞋ Beit 29.1); reigning in 701 | ||
| ≈BCE 710 | Yoeil ha-Navi, BCE 764 dating wrong; describes aftermath of 𐤀𐤓𐤌𐤉𐤀 population transfers & extinction of Yi•sᵊr•ã•eilꞋ | ||
| ≈BCE 704 | Sa•nᵊkheir•ivꞋ (Hellenized to Sennacherib) BCE 704-681 | ||
| ≈BCE 703 | |||
| ≈BCE 694 | Mᵊna•shëhꞋ Bën-Khi•zᵊq•i•yãhꞋ, MëlꞋëkh of combined-YᵊhūdꞋãh in Yᵊrū•shã•laꞋyim (55 yrs. Di•vᵊr•eiꞋ-ha-Yãm•imꞋ Beit 33.1). | ||
| ≈BCE 689 | Sa•nᵊkheir•ivꞋ (Hellenized to Sennacherib) destroys Bã•vëlꞋ. | ||
| ≈BCE 680 | Esarhaddon BCE 680-669 | ||
| ≈BCE 668 | Ashurbanipal BCE 668-627 | ||
| ≈BCE 640 | ÕmōnꞋ Bën-Mᵊna•shëhꞋ, MëlꞋëkh of combined-YᵊhūdꞋãh in Yᵊrū•shã•laꞋyim (2 yrs., Di•vᵊr•eiꞋ-ha-Yãm•imꞋ Beit 33.21) | ||
| ≈BCE 631 | Yō•shi•yãhꞋū Bën-ÕmōnꞋ, MëlꞋëkh of combined-YᵊhūdꞋãh in Yᵊrū•shã•laꞋyim (31 yrs., Di•vᵊr•eiꞋ-ha-Yãm•imꞋ Beit 34.1, 22; 35.25) | ||
| ≈BCE 630 | Tzᵊphan•yãhꞋ ha-Nã•viꞋ (BCE 630-625) | ||
| ≈BCE 627 |
| ||
| ≈BCE 623 | Yi•rᵊmᵊyãhꞋu ha-Nã•viꞋ (BCE 623-585; Yi•rᵊmᵊyãhꞋu 1.2) | ||
| ≈BCE 618 | Khi•lᵊq•i•yãhꞋu ha-kō•heinꞋ finds SeiphꞋër Tor•ãhꞋ (Mᵊlãkh•imꞋ Beit 23.23-24). | ||
| ≈BCE 613 | |||
| ≈BCE 612 | Nineveh (modern Mosul, Iraq), 𐤀𐤓𐤌𐤉𐤀 capital, destroyed by alliance of Medes and Babylonians; | ||
| r ≈BCE 609–594 |
| ||
| ≈BCE 609 | Yᵊhō•ã•khãzꞋ Bën-Yō•shi•yãhꞋū, MëlꞋëkh of combined-YᵊhūdꞋãh in Yᵊrū•shã•laꞋyim (3 mos. Mᵊlãkh•imꞋ Beit 23.31; Di•vᵊr•eiꞋ-ha-Yãm•imꞋ Beit 36.2) | ||
| ≈BCE 609 | Ëlᵊyãq•imꞋ (Yᵊhō•yã•qimꞋ) Bën-Yō•shi•yãhꞋū, MëlꞋëkh of combined-YᵊhūdꞋãh in Yᵊrū•shã•laꞋyim (3 mos., Mᵊlãkh•imꞋ Beit 24.8; Di•vᵊr•eiꞋ-ha-Yãm•imꞋ Beit 36.4) | ||
| ≈BCE 609 | Yᵊhō•yã•khinꞋ Bën-Yᵊhō•yã•qimꞋ, MëlꞋëkh of combined-YᵊhūdꞋãh in Yᵊrū•shã•laꞋyim (11 years, Mᵊlãkh•imꞋ Beit 24.6 Di•vᵊr•eiꞋ-ha-Yãm•imꞋ Beit 36.4-5; not before ca. B.C.E. 597: Yᵊkhë•zᵊq•eilꞋ 1.1-2); cursed, including his descendants, by Yi•rᵊmᵊyãhꞋu 22.30. | ||
| ≈BCE 605 | Egyptologists' & Archeologists' "Low" Dating vs Scientists' "High" Dating | ||
| ≈BCE 602 | |||
| ≈BCE 600 | Kha•va•quqꞋ ha-Nã•viꞋ ≈BCE 600 | ||
| ≈BCE 599 |
| ||
| ≈BCE 597 |
| ||
| ≈BCE 592 | Yᵊkhë•zᵊq•eilꞋ's Vision Of The Kha•yãhꞋ Kha•shᵊmalꞋ, 4-Faced Kᵊruv | ||
| ≈BCE 591 | Yᵊkhë•zᵊq•eilꞋ Witnesses Kã•vodꞋ יְהוָׂה {Existant} Departing Beit ha-Mi•qᵊdãshꞋ hã-Rish•ōnꞋ., along with the First (Minor) Babylonian Decapitation | ||
| ≈BCE 590 | Shᵊalᵊti•eilꞋ Bën-Yᵊhō•yã•khinꞋ; Davidic king-in-exile; prob born in Bã•vëlꞋ when father was ≈20) - prob. died in Bã•vëlꞋ ≈BCE 538 | ||
| ≈BCE 586 |
 (Na•buꞋ-khad-nëtzꞋar) Jr., Second (Main) Babylonian Decapitation
End Iron Age. | ||
≈BCE 584  | Begin Hellenic Era. Astyages (Ass. Istumegu), son of Cyaxares, and last king of Media (Iraq-Iran border area), BCE 584-550 | ||
| ≈BCE 583 | Yᵊkhë•zᵊq•eilꞋ ha-Nã•viꞋ (writing ≈BCE 597-570) | ||
| ≈BCE 572 | (Na•buꞋ-khad-nëtzꞋar) Jr. destroyed the Beit ha-Mi•qᵊdãshꞋ of ShᵊlōmꞋōh Yᵊkhë•zᵊq•eilꞋ Envisions combination | ||
| ≈BCE 570 | Yᵊhō•tzã•dãqꞋ Bën-Sᵊrã•yãhꞋ, kō•heinꞋ ha-Jã•dolꞋ (Di•vᵊr•eiꞋ-ha-Yãm•imꞋ ÃlꞋëph 5.40-41; Khaj•aiꞋ 1.1, 12, 14; 2.2, 4; Zᵊkhar•yãhꞋ 6.11). | ||
| ≈BCE 561 |
| ||
| ≈BCE 559 | Dar'yawesh "the Iranian" Koresh Sr. (Dan. 6.1); Achaemenid king of Iran, grandson of Astyages. | ||
| ≈BCE 540 | Questionable Yᵊsha•yahꞋu ha-Nã•viꞋ Deutero (chapters 40-66), ≈BCE 540; see also Yᵊsha•yahꞋu ha-Nã•viꞋ (≈BCE 720) | ||
| ≈BCE 538 | 7thmonth 15, Kōrësh Jr. "the Great", Achæmenid king of Iran, captures Bã•vëlꞋ. The son of In Firstmonth (≈Apr.) 1, 1st yr of reign, announces permission for Yᵊhud•imꞋ (which included the ancestor of RibꞋi Yᵊho•shuꞋa and the Nᵊtzãr•imꞋ) to return to Yᵊru•shã•laꞋyim and he pã•qãdꞋ (mustered, monitored) them, on his authority, to build a second Beit ha-Mi•qᵊdãshꞋ, sending Yᵊho•shuꞋa Bën-Yᵊhō•tzã•dãqꞋ (Bën-Sᵊrã•yãhꞋ) and ZᵊruꞋ-Bã•vëlꞋ Bën-Shᵊalᵊti•eilꞋ. Work started on Beit ha-Mi•qᵊdãshꞋ ha-Shein•iꞋ, but was soon shut down by the mixed peoples 𐤀𐤓𐤌𐤉𐤀 had, in deracinating the 10 Tribes of Yi•sᵊr•ã•eilꞋ nearly two centuries earlier, transferred from all over the Middle East into the Shōm•rōnꞋ—modern "Palestinians" (ËꞋzᵊr•ã 4; Zᵊkhar•yãhꞋ 3 & 6.11; | ||
| ≈BCE 528 | Cambyses-Dar'yawesh, son of Koresh Jr. "the Great", king of Persia (modern Iran), ca B.C.E 528-523. | ||
| ≈BCE 522 | Dar'yawesh Hystaspes, king of Iran and grandson of Koresh Jr. "the Great", | ||
| ≈BCE 520 | |||
| ≈BCE 519 | Zᵊkhar•yãhꞋ Bën-Bë•rëkh•yãhꞋ Bën-Id•oꞋ ha-Nã•viꞋ | ||
| ≈BCE 516 | Beit ha-Mi•qᵊdãshꞋ ha-Shein•iꞋ completed (Adar 3)???, 6th regnal year of Dar'yawesh (ËꞋzᵊr•ã 6.15) | ||
| ≈BCE 500 | Compilation of Shir ha-Shir•imꞋ, some of which likely date back to ≈BCE 800 | ||
| ≈BCE 486 | Akhashveirosh, Xerxes Sr., son of Dar'yawesh, king of Iran, | ||
| ≈BCE 465 | Artakhshast-Artaxerxes Sr. becomes king of Iran. Beginning with his decree to build (Pre-Alexandrian) Hellenic Era (≈BCE 586-c 461) the walls of Yᵊru•shã•laꞋyim, ≈BCE 453, Samaritans lobby him to change mind; ≈BCE 452-425 ËꞋzᵊr•ã 6 [or Artaxerxes Jr., below?] and Nᵊkhëm•yãhꞋ Bën-Kha•kha•lᵊyãhꞋ probably of the tribe of YᵊhudꞋãh) appointed governor of YᵊhudꞋãh, | ||
| ≈BCE 453 | Decree by Artakhshast-Artaxerxes Sr. to rebuild the walls of Yᵊru•shã•laꞋyim | ||
| ≈BCE 449 | Ma•lãkh•iꞋ ha-Nã•viꞋ, ≈BCE 500-398, ≈BCE 450 | ||
| ≈BCE 442 | Dar'yawesh Nothus, king of Iran 442-404 BCE, | ||
| ≈BCE 409-359 | |||
| ≈BCE 404 | Artakhshast-Artaxerxes Jr., king of Iran, growing number of scholars date ËꞋzᵊr•ã's mission in the (thirty-) seventh year of his reign." | ||
| ≈BCE 336 | Alexander "the Great" defeats Dar'yawesh 3rd Codomanus, king of Iran at Issus (333) and Gaugamela (331), ≈BCE 336-330. From ≈BCE 336-323, Alexander "the Great" Hellenized Yi•sᵊr•ã•eilꞋ from Macedonia, the area of northern Greece and Yugoslavia. | ||
| ≈BCE 323 | Ptolemy Sr. Soter (367 283), king of Mi•tzᵊraꞋyim ≈BCE 323-285 | ||
| ≈BCE 301 | Seleucus Sr. Nicator (≈BCE 358-280), king of 𐤀𐤓𐤌𐤉𐤀 ≈BCE 301-280) founder of the Seleucid dynasty; formerly a Macedonian general serving under Alexander "the Great". He built numerous cities, including Antioch. | ||
| ≈3ʳᵈ-1ˢᵗ cs CE | Dead Sea Scrolls | ||
| ≈BCE 285 | Ptolemy Jr. Philadelphus (≈BCE 309-247), king of Mi•tzᵊraꞋyim ≈BCE 285-247 LXX is translated in Alexandria, Egypt: | ||
| ≈BCE 280 | Antiochus Sr. Soter (≈BCE 324-262-1), king of 𐤀𐤓𐤌𐤉𐤀 (≈BCE 280-262-1) | ||
| ≈BCE 261 | Antiochus Jr. Theos (≈BCE 287-246), king of 𐤀𐤓𐤌𐤉𐤀 (≈BCE 261-246) | ||
| ≈BCE 246 | Ptolemy 3rd Euergetes (≈BCE 282? 221), king of Mi•tzᵊraꞋyim (≈BCE 246 221 | ||
| ≈BCE 223 | Antiochus 3rd 'the Great' (≈BCE 242-187), king of 𐤀𐤓𐤌𐤉𐤀 (≈BCE 223-187). “He … warred successfully against the [Mi•tzᵊraꞋyim] king Ptolemy V and in ≈BCE 198 obtained possession of all of [Kᵊna•anꞋ] and Lebanon. He later became involved in a conflict with the Romans, who defeated him at Thermopylae in 191 BC and at Magnesia (now Manisa, Turkey) in [BCE 190]. As the price of peace, he was forced to surrender all his dominions west of the Taurus Mountains and to pay costly tribute. Antiochus, who early in his reign had restored the Seleucid Empire, finally forfeited its influence in the eastern Mediterranean by his failure to recognize the rising power of Rome.” | ||
| ≈BCE 205 | Ptolemy V Epiphanes (≈BCE 210?-181), king of Mi•tzᵊraꞋyim (≈BCE 205-181). The official coronation of Ptolemy V was held in ≈BCE 197; it was the occasion on which the Mi•tzᵊraꞋyim priesthood published the decree that forms the trilingual inscription on the Rosetta Stone | ||
| ≈BCE 181 | Ptolemy VI Philometor (≈BCE 186?-145), king of Mi•tzᵊraꞋyim (≈BCE 181-145) | ||
| ≈BCE 175 | Imposition of HellenismBrother Kō•han•eiꞋ ha-Jã•dōlꞋ:Hellenization Of Tzᵊdōq•imꞋAntiochus 4th Epiphanes (≈BCE 215-164), king of (≈BCE 175-164) 𐤀𐤓𐤌𐤉𐤀 secured possession of TzūrꞋ and YᵊhūdꞋãh. Thus, the Hellenist 𐤀𐤓𐤌𐤉𐤀 became overlords of the Yᵊhūd•imꞋ. From ≈BCE 171 to 168, Antiochus was involved in a war against Mi•tzᵊraꞋyim, defeating two Mi•tzᵊraꞋyim kings, Ptolemy VI and Ptolemy VII. He captured Yᵊru•shã•laꞋyim, prohibited Judaism, and imposed the worship of the Hellenist Yᵊkhōn•yãhꞋ Bën-Shim•ōnꞋ Jr. Bën-Tzã•dōqꞋ ha-kō•heinꞋ (Hellenized to Onias 3rd — the last true Tor•ãhꞋ kō•heinꞋ ha-Jã•dolꞋ), a descendant of A•ha•ronꞋ, was the MorꞋeih ha-TzëdꞋëq (de-Judaized to “Teacher of Righteousness”). He was also a ‘zealot for the laws’ (2 Mac. 4.2). His rabid Hellenist brother and successor, Yᵊho•shuꞋa Bën-Shim•onꞋ Jr. Bën-Tzã•doqꞋ ha-kō•heinꞋ (Hellenized to Jason), became the first Hellenist "High Priest", and also the first kō•heinꞋ hã-RëshꞋa. Yᵊho•shuꞋa Bën-Shim•onꞋ Jr. Bën-Tzã•doqꞋ ha-kō•heinꞋ (Hellenized to Jason) went to 𐤀𐤓𐤌𐤉𐤀 and obtained from Antiochus the transferal of the office of "High Priest" to himself in return for both a large sum of money and in return for his efforts to assist Antiochus in Hellenizing Judaism. Under Yᵊho•shuꞋa Bën-Shim•onꞋ Jr. Bën-Tzã•doqꞋ ha-kō•heinꞋ (Hellenized to Jason), 'Tor•ãhꞋ [Hellenized to displace the word Tor•ãhꞋ with "lawful"] institutions' were abolished and 'new usages contrary to Tor•ãhꞋ' introduced (2 Mac. 4.11). A gymnasium was erected below the citadel and the young men of Yᵊru•shã•laꞋyim practiced the athletic skills of the Greeks (including the Olympic Games). Even the "priests" left their service at the mi•zᵊbeiꞋakh and took part in the games held in the palestra. The contempt for Jewish customs went so far that many removed their circumcision artificially. CD (Codex Damascus), the Damascus Document, was a letter from Yᵊkhon•yãhꞋ Bën-Shim•onꞋ Jr. Bën-Tzã•doqꞋ ha-kō•heinꞋ to his brother Yᵊho•shuꞋa Bën-Shim•onꞋ Jr. Bën-Tzã•doqꞋ ha-kō•heinꞋ (Hellenized to Jason). | ||
| ≈BCE 171 | Μενέλαος, "High Priest", of the tribe of Bin•yã•minꞋ, and therefore not a descendant of A•ha•ronꞋ, much less from the Bᵊn•eiꞋ Tzã•dōqꞋ, obtained the "High Priesthood" from Antiochus by offering more money, succeeding Yᵊho•shuꞋa Bën-Shim•onꞋ Jr. Bën-Tzã•doqꞋ ha-kō•heinꞋ (Hellenized to Jason). Μενέλαος profaned the "Temple" vessels and caused the murder of the MorꞋeih ha-TzëdꞋëq, the former kō•heinꞋ ha-Jã•dolꞋ, Yᵊkhon•yãhꞋ Bën-Shim•onꞋ Jr. Bën-Tzã•doqꞋ ha-kō•heinꞋ. Μενέλαος died ≈BCE 162. | ||
| ≈BCE 170 | Yᵊho•shuꞋa Bën-Shim•onꞋ Jr. Bën-Tzã•doqꞋ ha-kō•heinꞋ (Hellenized to Jason) "High Priest" / 'kō•heinꞋ hã-RëshꞋa' seized the opportunity, when Antiochus made war against Mi•tzᵊraꞋyim, attempting to retake Yᵊru•shã•laꞋyim in a surprise attack, to reinstall himself as "High Priest". The attempt failed. | ||
| ≈BCE 169 | Prohibition Of Pronouncing    (יְהֹוָה)Antiochus 4th Epiphanes massacred the Jews in Yᵊru•shã•laꞋyim, looted the treasures (the gold Mᵊnōr•ãhꞋ, Mi•zᵊbeiꞋakh of Incense and Display-Bread Table), from the Hellenized (Herod's 2nd) "Temple" and had them brought to Antiochus (modern Antakya), Turkey (never to be seen again); dedicating the former Sanctuary to | ||
| ≈BCE 167 | Yᵊru•shã•laꞋyim: a Hellenist mi•zᵊbeiꞋakh built over "the Great" Mi•zᵊbeiꞋakh of burnt-offering on the 15th of Tenthmonth (≈Dec.), and upon it on the 25th of Tenthmonth (probably Dec. 25th, supposed birthday of | ||
| ≈BCE 166 |
Resurgence Of Revivalist (Anti-Hellenist Ōs•inꞋ) Faction Of Tzᵊdōq•imꞋMa•titᵊyãhꞋu from Mo•di•inꞋ, who was a descendant of A•ha•ronꞋ through Yᵊhō•yã•rivꞋ, | ||
| ≈BCE 165 | YᵊhudꞋãh ha-Ma•kab•iꞋ assumed the leadership of the Yᵊhud•imꞋ after the death of his father | ||
| ≈BCE 164 | KhaꞋnukh•ãh: YᵊhudꞋãh ha-Ma•kab•iꞋ routed the 𐤀𐤓𐤌𐤉𐤀 at Emmaus, defeated Lysius (the 𐤀𐤓𐤌𐤉𐤀 Imperial Vice-Regent) at Beit-Tzūr and retook Yᵊru•shã•laꞋyim (except for the 'Ακρα'). YᵊhudꞋãh ha-Ma•kab•iꞋ demolished the desecrated mi•zᵊbeiꞋakh and erected a new one, replaced the sacred vessels and re-dedicated the Beit ha-Mi•qᵊdãshꞋ on the 25th of Ninthmonth | ||
| ≈BCE 153 | Yo•nã•tãnꞋ Apphus Bën-Ma•titᵊyãhꞋu Bën-A•ha•ronꞋ ha-Ma•kab•iꞋ, kō•heinꞋ ha-Jã•dolꞋ | ||
| ≈BCE 145 | Ptolemy VII Euergetes (184?-116 BC), king of Mi•tzᵊraꞋyim (145-116 BC) | ||
| ≈BCE 143 | YᵊhūdꞋãh recognized as a state / nation by Hellenist 𐤀𐤓𐤌𐤉𐤀 ruler Demetrius Jr. (≈BCE 149-142) | ||
| ≈BCE 140 | Shi•mᵊōnꞋ Bën-Ma•titᵊyãhꞋu Bën- A•ha•ronꞋ ha-Ma•kab•iꞋ, kō•heinꞋ ha-Jã•dolꞋ, elder brother of Yo•nã•tãnꞋ, appointed by the Beit Din hã-Jã•dolꞋ, which passed a decree making the office hereditary | ||
| ≈BCE 135 |
Result: The Three Min•imꞋ
Yokhã•nãnꞋ Hyrcanus Bën-Shi•mᵊōnꞋ Bën- A•ha•ronꞋ, "High Priest" (≈BCE 135-104), the rise of the Ōs•inꞋ Tzᵊdōq•imꞋ occurred during the rule of Yokhã•nãnꞋ Hyrcanus. In the early years of his rule, he maintained close relations with the Pᵊrush•imꞋ, who recognized his religious authority (Ma•sëkꞋët Bᵊrãkh•ōtꞋ 29a, Josephus, Antiquities 13.288ff). The rift between the Anti-Hellenist Pᵊrush•imꞋ on the one hand, and the Hellenist Tzᵊdōq•imꞋ and kō•han•imꞋ on the other hand, intensified—and exploded—during the reign of Yokhã•nãnꞋ Hyrcanus. | ||
| ≈BCE 104 | Aristobulus Bën-Yokhã•nãnꞋ Bën-A•ha•ronꞋ, "High Priest" (BCE 104-103), succeeds his father Yokhã•nãnꞋ Hyrcanus | ||
| ≈BCE 103 |
Kha•shᵊmōn•ãy•imꞋ Revivalist Ōs•inꞋ-Tzᵊdōq•imꞋ Defeated Themselves In Qū•mᵊr•ãnꞋAlexander Yᵊhō•nã•tãnꞋ ('Yan•aiꞋ') Bën-A•ha•ronꞋ, "High Priest" (BCE 103-76), succeeds his father Aristobulus. As leader of the Anti-Hellenist (Kha•shᵊmōn•ãy•imꞋ-Ōs•inꞋ) Tzᵊdōq•imꞋ, Yan•aiꞋ's attempt to establish absolute authority as mëlꞋëkh and "High Priest" brought him into open conflict with the (pseudo-) kō•han•imꞋ and aristocracy of the Roman-promoted Hellenist Tzᵊdōq•imꞋ, | ||
| ≈BCE 67 | Hyrcanus Jr. Bën-Yan•aiꞋ Bën-A•ha•ronꞋ, "High Priest" (eldest son), a Pseudo-Tzᵊdōq•imꞋ appointed by Romans; however, they abolished the monarchy. His brother was Aristobulus Jr. Aristobulus Jr. Bën-Yan•aiꞋ Bën-A•ha•ronꞋ, "High Priest", wrested the office from his brother Hyrcanus Jr. Hyrcanus Jr. Bën-Yan•aiꞋ Bën-A•ha•ronꞋ, "High Priest", regained the office with the help of the Romans, and Julius Caesar eventually proclaimed him "High Priest" ≈BCE 67-40 | ||
| ≈BCE 51 | Cleopatra (VII; ≈BCE 69-30), ill-fated queen of Mi•tzᵊraꞋyim (≈BCE 51-30), celebrated for her love affairs with Julius Caesar and Mark Antony. Cleopatra, or more precisely, Cleopatra VII, was the daughter of Ptolemy XI Auletes, king of Mi•tzᵊraꞋyim. On her father's death in ≈BCE 51 Cleopatra, then about 17 years old, and her brother, Ptolemy XII, a child of about 12 years, succeeded jointly to the throne of Mi•tzᵊraꞋyim with the provision that they should marry. In the third year of their reign Ptolemy, encouraged by his advisers, assumed sole control of the government and drove Cleopatra into exile. She promptly gathered an army in 𐤀𐤓𐤌𐤉𐤀 but was unable to assert her claim until the arrival at Alexandria of Julius Caesar, who became her lover and espoused her cause. He was for a time hard pressed by the Mi•tzᵊraꞋyim but ultimately triumphed, and in ≈BCE 47 Ptolemy XII was killed. Caesar proclaimed Cleopatra queen of Mi•tzᵊraꞋyim. | ||
| ≈BCE 48 | Julius Caesar (≈BCE 100.07.12-3 - 44.03.15) comes to power in Rome. In ≈BCE 72, he had been elected to the Pontificate, the Hellenist Roman Collegium Pontificum (College of Pontiffs/Popes) — of the ancient Hellenist Roman religion. | ||
| ≈BCE 47 | was a Bën-Ë•dōmꞋ ("Idumaean" Ben-Eisau/A•mã•leiqꞋ Arab) supposed proselyte father and a Nabataean (Arab) mother was appointed governor of the Gã•lilꞋ by Antipater. Herod Sr. ("the Great") crushed a rebellion in the Gã•lilꞋ and executed the rebels without a trial. When called to account before the Great (Judean) Συνέδριον, Herod Sr. ("the Great") appeared with an armed guard and intimidated the Great (Judean) Συνέδριον. | ||
| ≈BCE 40 | Antigonas, son of Aristobulus, with the help of the Parthians captured Hyrcanus Jr. in Yᵊru•shã•laꞋyim from Herod Sr. ("the Great"). Antigonas cut off the ears of Hyrcanus Jr. to disqualify him from the "priesthood". He attached himself to the Kha•shᵊmon•ãy•imꞋ family by becoming betrothed to Mariamne. Herod Sr. ("the Great") escaped from Yᵊru•shã•laꞋyim | ||
| ≈BCE 37 | Herod Sr. ("the Great") was reinstalled as king over YᵊhudꞋãh by Rome. Whereupon Herod Sr. ("the Great") executed 45 members of the Great (Judean) Συνέδριον who had sided with the Kha•shᵊmon•ãy•imꞋ . At this time he also married Mariamne, granddaughter of Hyrcanus Jr., and became an in-law of the Kha•shᵊmon•ãy•imꞋ family, though he killed many of the Kha•shᵊmon•ãy•imꞋ and eventually killed Mariamne and her sons, except Herod Agrippa Sr. "He also made the appointment to the "high priesthood" dependent on his favor and during his reign dismissed and appointed "high priests" arbitrarily… He established his rule on the basis of Roman patronage…" Kha•nan•eil, an Egyptian (!) "high priest", was appointed by Herod Sr. ("the Great"), though he was forced to remove him. Aristobulus 3rd Bën-A•ha•ronꞋ was appointed "high priest" by Herod Sr. ("the Great") | ||
| ≈BCE 36 | Aristobulus 3rd drowned in a swimming pool in Yᵊri•khoꞋ—at the command of Herod Sr. ("the Great"). Aristobulus 3rd was the last Kha•shᵊmon•ãy•imꞋ "high priest". It was Herod Sr. ("the Great") who placed the Roman eagle upon the facade of the "Temple". Shi•mᵊōnꞋ Bën-Boethus, "high priest", not recorded as a Bën-A•ha•ronꞋ, appointed by Herod Sr. ("the Great") | ||
| ≈BCE 30 | Hyrcanus Jr. killed at command of Herod Sr. ("the Great"), terminating the Kha•shᵊmon•ãy•imꞋ line of kō•han•imꞋ. | ||
| ≈BCE 24 | "Matthew" Ben-Theophilus Sr., "high priest" succeeding Shi•mᵊōnꞋ Bën-Boethus | ||
| ≈BCE 23 | Yoezer Ben-Boethus, "high priest", | ||
| ≈BCE 7 | RibꞋi Yᵊho•shuꞋaConjunction of Conjunction of Conjunction of | ||
| ≈BCE 6 | Khanan (Anan) Ben-Sheit "high priest"(≈BCE 6 — 15 CE), appointed by Quirinius of 𐤀𐤓𐤌𐤉𐤀 to succeed Yoezer Ben-Boethus. Yo•seiphꞋ KeiphꞋã married Khanan’s daughter. | ||
| ≈BCE 4 | Yᵊho•shuꞋa Bën-Yo•seiphꞋ Bën-Dã•widꞋ, ha-Mã•shiꞋakh, born during the reign of Herod "the Great", In his last years, Herod Sr. ("the Great") divided his kingdom between his sons Arkhelaus, Herod Antipas, and Philip who was the son of Cleopatra. "After the death of Herod Sr. ("the Great") and the removal of Arkhelaus (4 BCE - ca 6 C.E., the appointment of the "high priest" passed to the Roman governors of the Hellenist Roman occupation of YᵊhudꞋãh. In the final generation of the "temple" this authority was restored to the dynasty of Herod (Agrippa Sr., Herod of Chalcis, and Agrippa Jr.). During that period a group of well-born wealthy priestly families became established from among whom most of the "high priests" were appointed; such were the Boethus family… According to Ta•lᵊmudꞋ (Ma•sëkꞋët Yom•ãꞋ 18a; Ma•sëkꞋët Yᵊvãm•otꞋ 61a), these "high priests" bought the office from the [Hellenist Roman occupational] government, and they were changed each year. Since an ex-"high priest" kept his additional rights as to dignity and status, there came into being a kind of oligarchy of "high priests" and of their families... were inordinately wealthy… The attitude of most of the people of the Pᵊrush•imꞋ leadership to this Pseudo-Tzᵊdōq•imꞋ oligarchy was given pungent expression (Ma•sëkꞋët Pᵊsãkh•imꞋ 57a, To•sëphꞋᵊtã to Ma•sëkꞋët Mᵊnãkh•ōtꞋ 13.21): ‘Woe is me because of the house of Boethus!’ " | ||
| 30 CE | Sha•maiꞋ never attained the predominance enjoyed by RibꞋi Hi•leilꞋ among the Pᵊrush•imꞋ. He was appointed to succeed Mᵊna•kheimꞋ the Ōs•inꞋ as Av Beit Din, serving in that capacity from cir≈BCE 50 — 30 C.E.
Great (Judean) ΣυνέδριονPᵊrush•imꞋ Win Majority Over Hellenist Pseudo-Tzᵊdōq•imꞋ Under the Hellenist (𐤀𐤓𐤌𐤉𐤀 and Hellenist Roman) occupiers, both before and after the Kha•shᵊmon•ãy•imꞋ, until Ga•mᵊl•i•eilꞋ, the Hellenist pseudo-Tzᵊdōq•imꞋ kō•han•imꞋ hã-RëshꞋa controlled both the "Second Temple" and the Great (Judean) Συνέδριον. The Συνέδριον, Hebrew Beit Din hã-Gã•dolꞋ, was the supreme court exercising authority over regional subordinate, regular, Bãt•eiꞋ-Din. These, in turn, exercised authority over local Bãt•eiꞋ-Din hã-Qã•tãnꞋ. Some of the lower courts began to be predominated by the Pᵊrush•imꞋ while many remained, for an indefinite period, predominated by the Roman-collaborating Hellenist Tzᵊdōq•imꞋ (the illegal night court, convening on a holiday and summoning false witnesses could only have taken place in a Roman-collaborating, Hellenist Tzᵊdōq•imꞋ court of the Boethus family. It is noteworthy in this regard that Ga•mᵊl•i•eilꞋ was the first to be called by the title of Rab•ãnꞋ (inter alia, Klein, p. 603), suggesting that he was the first of something and strongly intimating that he was the first leader of the Pᵊrush•imꞋ to enjoy a majority in the Great (Judean) Συνέδριον from the Hellenist Pseudo-Tzᵊdōq•imꞋ collaborators with the Roman-occupiers to become Nã•siꞋ. He "flourished" from 20-50 C.E. From the time of the Kha•shᵊmon•ãy•imꞋ until the destruction of the "2nd Temple", nothing is settled with any confidence about the control of the Great (Judean) Συνέδριον between the Hellenist Pseudo-Tzᵊdōq•imꞋ versus Pᵊrush•imꞋ with the exception that, it is generally agreed (but still not without dispute), Rab•ãnꞋ Ga•mᵊl•i•eilꞋ ha-Za•qeinꞋ became the first Pᵊrush•iꞋ Nã•siꞋ during some portion of the first half of the first century C.E. Thus, control of the Great (Judean) Συνέδριον was contested between the Hellenist (sycophants of the Roman occupiers) Pseudo-Tzᵊdōq•imꞋ, who comprised the "high priests", on the one hand, and the Pᵊrush•imꞋ (eventually headed by Ga•mᵊl•i•eilꞋ). The primary schism was not between Sha•maiꞋ and RibꞋi Hi•leilꞋ as often assumed. Conflicting with this timeline, Ency. Jud. states: "The Sadducean hierarchy had its stronghold in the Temple, and it was only during the last two decades of the Temple's existence that the Pharisees finally gained control." Even this is disputed. Schurer argues that the first rabbinical President of the Great (Judean) Συνέδριον to whom the title Nã•siꞋ is applied in the MiꞋshᵊnãh is YᵊhudꞋãh ha-Nã•siꞋ at the end of the second century C.E. In this section, he presents several pages outlining various views of this dispute. I would note, however, that first mention of this title in the MiꞋshᵊnãh neither implies first usage of the term nor the first Pᵊrush•iꞋ occupant of the office. Thus, his arguments are flawed. The Pseudo-Tzᵊdōq•imꞋ saw Sha•maiꞋ ha-Pᵊrush•iꞋ, as no more than one member of the minority (and, therefore, controllable) Pᵊrush•imꞋ party, who were struggling to gain political ground (support in the street). Backing the minority Pᵊrush•iꞋ leader in the Great (Judean) Συνέδριον served both to pacify the Pᵊrush•imꞋ , split the Pᵊrush•imꞋ and provide the Pseudo-Tzᵊdōq•imꞋ an opportunity to dump their main rival, the legitimate Tzᵊdoq•iꞋ, i.e. (Mᵊna•kheimꞋ the Ōs•inꞋ). This resulted in the Pᵊrush•imꞋ gaining a foothold, in BCE 50, in the Pseudo-Tzᵊdōq•imꞋ-controlled Great (Judean) Συνέδριον—as the second-banana, sort of "Speaker of the House," Av Beit Din. The Pseudo-Tzᵊdōq•imꞋ, in the person of the "high priest" (kō•heinꞋ hã-RëshꞋa), still retained the office of Nã•siꞋ, however, in control of the Great (Judean) Συνέδριον. As the Roman sycophant Pseudo-Tzᵊdōq•imꞋ "Wicked Priests" continued to become increasingly unpopular and alienated from people, the Pᵊrush•imꞋ apparently managed to parley this foothold into the election, ca 20 C.E., of Ga•mᵊl•i•eilꞋ as the first Pᵊrush•iꞋ Nã•siꞋ. Rather than consolidating Pᵊrush•imꞋ control over the pseudo-Tzᵊdōq•imꞋ in the Great (Judean) Συνέδριον, however, this seems to have formalized a schism essentially creating three conflicting and semi-independent rival Great (Judean) Συνέδριον factions:
Ram•ba"mꞋ noted (Mi•shᵊn•ëhꞋ Tor•ãhꞋ, SeiꞋphër Yãd ha-Kha•zãq•ãhꞋ, Ma•sëkꞋët Συνέδριον 14.13) that the same year in which the Hellenist Pseudo-Tzᵊdōq•imꞋ faction condemned Ribi Yᵊho•shuꞋa, "adjudications of capital punishment cases were abolished, "they of the Great (Judean) Συνέδριον were banished, and the Great (Judean) Συνέδριον no longer convened in its place in the "Temple"." Consequent to the horrific injustice inflicted by the Hellenist Pseudo-Tzᵊdōq•imꞋ upon RibꞋi Yᵊho•shuꞋa in 30 C.E., the Pᵊrush•imꞋ bolted from the Great (Judean) Συνέδριον to instead establish their Pᵊrush•iꞋ Beit Din in YaꞋvᵊn•ëh. | ||
| 62 CE | Hellenist Ananias, "high priest" officiated 3 mos.; appointed by Agrippa Jr. Ananias convened Great (Judean) Συνέδριον and had Pã•qidꞋ Ya•a•qovꞋ "ha-Tza•diqꞋ", Bën-Yo•seiphꞋ, the first Nᵊtzãr•imꞋ Pã•qidꞋ, executed. Ananias is identified by some DSS scholars as the kō•heinꞋ hã-RëshꞋa ("Wicked Priest"). Succeeded by Matthew Theophilus Jr., "high priest". | ||
| 67 CE | The Sicarii eventually dominated Yᵊru•shã•laꞋyim and expelled the aristocratic, Hellenist, sycophants of the Roman occupiers, Pseudo-Tzᵊdōq•imꞋ "priesthood", killing many of them. By lot, they chose Pi•nᵊkhãsꞋ Bën-Shᵊmu•eilꞋ from among the ordinary kō•han•imꞋ to be kō•heinꞋ ha-Jã•dolꞋ. Pi•nᵊkhãsꞋ had been a stone mason and a relative of RibꞋi Hi•leilꞋ by marriage. Pi•nᵊkhãsꞋ belonged to the watch of Yãkh•inꞋ and served until the destruction of the "Temple" in C.E. 70. Ananias, the former "high priest", and head of current head of the government, tried to suppress the Sicarii by force. Yokhã•nãnꞋ Bën-Lei•wiꞋ, of the Qa•na•imꞋ (Sicarii), from Gush Khã•lãvꞋ, became convinced that Ananias was collaborating with the Hellenist Roman occupiers and joined the Sicarii | ||
| 69 CE | Yᵊho•shuꞋa from GaꞋmᵊl•ã "high priest", appointed by Agrippa Jr. (69/70 C.E.), married to Martha daughter of Boethus. | ||
| 70 CE | "Second Temple" destroyed by Hellenist Roman occupiers under Titus. | ||
| 115 CE | Great Revolt of Jews in Cyrenaica that spread to Egypt and Cyprus (“Trajan,” EJ 15.1312) | ||
| 132 CE | Romans, under Hadrian, begin building Aelia Bar-KōkhꞋvã leads revolt against the Hellenist Roman occupiers and recaptures Yᵊru•shã•laꞋyim | ||
| 135 CE | The First, Original (Gentile) Hellenist Roman Christian Church Hadrian crushes Bar-KōkhꞋvã rebellion and exiles all Jews from "Aelia
In the absence of the expelled Nᵊtzãr•imꞋ, misojudaic (anti-Jew), anti-Tor•ãhꞋ ("antinomian" "law of sin and death") original Hellenist-Christian founders installed the first episkopos: Markus, the first pope (Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History 4.5.3); marking the Birth of the Christian Church. | ||
| ≈200 CE | Spoken Hebrew Becomes Extinct (until 1880s CE) | ||
| 333 CE | Constantine the Christian required all Nᵊtzãr•imꞋ scattered throughout the Roman Empire to celebrate the idolatrous Hellenist festival to the | ||
| ≈399 CE | Earliest extant two mss. of Διαθηκη Καινη (NT) | ||
| 7ᵗʰ-10ᵗʰ cs CE | Masoretes 7ᵗʰ-10ᵗʰ centuries CE. | ||
| Late 9ᵗʰ–Early 10ᵗʰ cs CE | Codex S¹ (Sasoon), earliest extant Masoretic text of Ta•na״khꞋ. Only 12 leaves are completely missing, though hundreds more are partially lost. The scribe of S¹ was unusually sloppy, frequently forgetting punctuation, diacritical marks, and vowels; he also errs in his consonantal spelling in dozens of instances. | ||
| ≈930 CE | Aleppo Codex Masoretic text of Ta•na״khꞋ; was missing 40% of its leaves when it resurfaced in Israel in 1958. | ||
| 750 CE | Earliest extant ms. of Quran | ||
| ≈1880s CE | Modern Spoken Hebrew Emerges | ||
1948 CE | Delimits and defines1260 Days, enabling deciphering of Daniyeil 12.7 | ||
| 1993 CE | Daniyeil 12.11: 1290 Days Covenant. For what's coming next, 1335 Days of Daniyeil 12.12, read The 1993 Covenant Live-LinkT |
Pharaonic Names, Meanings & Customs Each member of the Pharaonic family had several names and titles and, to keep the royal blood pure, intermarried exclusively among themselves, incestuously. Further, Moses (meaning "incarnate") was a Pharaonic surname-like title, conferred upon Pharaonic princes, appended to the name of the Egyptian deity supposedly incarnate in the prince. Moses seems to have been Sen-en-
Mut-Moses, the vizier, courtier, confidant and consort of his adoptive older (by 12 years) sister, Khãt-shepꞋset.Raised from infancy in the royal
Tut-moses branch of the Moses family, Sen-en-Mutwould have been Sen-en-MutTut-moses. Thus, Sen-en-MutTut-moses may have succeededYahYah-kheper en-RaTut-moses Jr., who is known to have died early.Consider the following: “The aged Ineni announces the death of
Tut-moses Jr. and the accession of his successor in the following words:“Having ascended into heaven, he became united with the
gods, and his son, being arisen in his place as king of the Two Lands, ruled upon the throne of his begetter, while his sister, thegod's wife [Khãt-shepꞋset] governed the land and the Two Lands were under her control…"“Despite the terse way in which the fact is recorded, there is no reason to think that
Tut-moses Jr. died other than a normal death. An almost underdecorated tomb at Biban el-Moluk containing an uninscribed sarcophagus so closely resembles that ofTut-moses Sr. that it is confidently ascribed to the son, and from its neglect one might conjecture that no one cared very much what was his fate; his funerary temple… is a paltry affair. A stela… depicts him accompanied by QueenYãh-moses, the widow ofTut-moses Sr., and by her daughter the 'king's great wife' [Khãt-shepꞋset], so that the latter had certainly been married toTut-moses Jr., and since her father wasTut-moses Sr. her claim to the throne was a very strong one…Tut-moses Jr. might never have ruled Egypt but for the early death of Wadj-moses andAmun-moses, the eldest sons of [Yah-kheper ka-RaTut-moses Sr.]"
Yah-kheper en-RaTut-moses Jr. was too young at the death of his father to succeed him. Consequently, his older wife - Khãt-shepꞋset — ruled, first in his name and then in her own name as Egypt’s only female Par•ohꞋ, Her vizier, courtier, confidant, consort — and perhaps second husband (and secondTut-moses Jr., the one whose tomb was empty), was Sen-en-Mut-moses. Were the deaths Wadj-moses andAmun-moses engineered by Khãt-shepꞋset to bring "Sr.Ꞌsis" (herself) andHōrꞋus-moses to power?Further, a major insurrection, generalizing Ha•birꞋu to “vile Cush” and eliminating both Khãt-shepꞋset and
Tut-moses Jr., is documented to have occurred during the reign ofTut-moses Jr.: “The favors accorded to Ineni were continued and even increased byTut-moses Jr., the son ofTut-moses Sr. by a lesser queen namedMut-nofre. The reign may have been brief, since Ineni declared himself to have been already old and yet was able to describe conditions underTut-moses Jr.'s successor; but there is no valid reason for doubting the date of year 18 found upon a broken stela copied by Daressy and now mislaid. The principal monument is a triumphal stela dated in year 1 and set up on the road between Aswan and Philae. This tells with unusual wealth of detail how news was brought of an insurrection in Nubia:“One came to inform His Majesty that vile Cush had revolted and that those who were subjects of the Lord of the Two Lands had planned rebellion to plunder the people of Egypt and to steal cattle from those fortresses which King ‘Akerperkare' had built in his victories in order to repel the revolted lands and the Nubian tribesman of Khenthennufe; and now a chieftain in the north of vile Cush was falling into a season of disobedience together with two tribesman of Ta-Sti, children of the chieftain of vile Cush who had fled before the Lord of the Two Lands on the day of the Goodly god's slaughtering, this land being divided into five pieces, each man being possessor of his portion.
“On hearing this His Majesty raged like a panther, just as his father had done, and swore that he would not leave alive a single man among them. Thereupon his army overthrew those foreigners, sparing only one of the Nubian chieftain's children who was brought back to Thebes as a captive amid general rejoicing. About
Tut-moses Jr.'s other doings little else is heard than that the youngerYãh-moses of el-Kab accompanied him to [Kᵊna•anꞋ] and took many prisoners…” Of course, there was no ‘Palestine’ at that time. For political spin, today’s Egyptians have substituted ‘Palestine’ for Kᵊna•anꞋ.Also significant is that the sacrifice upon which Moses insisted was a cow, the very deity,
Hãt-HōrꞋ, to which the temple of Khãt-shepꞋset—built by Sen-en-Mut—was dedicated. Moreover, Sen-en-Mut’s mother was said to have received a royal scarab directly fromHãt-HōrꞋ— thereby establishing Sen-en-Mut’s (Moses’?) divine selection. Was Moses’ sacrifice a symbolic slaying ofHãt-HōrꞋ, cutting his ties to his idolatrous origins?Significantly,
Tut-moses Jr. and Sen-en-Mutseem to be the only major Egyptian personalities of the period whose tombs never contained a body and were disrespected. This all occurred at the very time that the Ha•birꞋus appeared in Egypt - and “mysteriously” left Egypt! Just as “mysteriously,” Khãt-shepꞋset was so disrespected after her death that all of her images were defaced throughout Egypt and Egyptian history rewritten insofar as possible to eliminate all memory of her and her consort Sen-en-Mut. Why were they considered a disgrace throughout Egypt. Scholars have no other reasonable answer: because of the Yᵊtzi•ãhꞋ?!?“From this Egyptian myth left on the walls of the pyramids we learn that the Nile delta was where the Egyptians believed
IꞋsishad hidden among the bulrushes with her man-godson,HōrꞋus.HōrꞋus!" And it was this association that AmᵊrãmꞋ and Yō•khëvꞋëd had counted on.Ha•birꞋu The term עִבְרִים is applied in the Bible to Avᵊrã•hãmꞋ (see bᵊ-Reish•itꞋ 14.13). It is generally assumed, although denied by some scholars, that the Hebrews are the people called Ha•birꞋu in the tablets found at Akhet-
Aten(later renamed: Tël el-Amarna), Egypt; written about 1400 BC, these were found in 1887. This assumption coincides with Biblical tradition; the Amarna correspondence, however, makes no reference to the origin or ethnic character of the Ha•birꞋu. In bᵊ-Reish•itꞋ 40.15, Yo•seiphꞋ explains to the Egyptians that he had been kidnapped from “the land of the Hebrews.” In Shᵊm•otꞋ 2.6, the daughter of Par•ohꞋ recognizes -Moses as "one of the Hebrews' children". The implication of these sources is that in early times the Israelis were known to foreigners as Hebrews.Wolfman The madness of
Nᵊvu-khadᵊnëtzꞋar Jr.Beil-ᵊsh-a•tzarꞋ, was acting king in his absence.Ca. BCE 539, when the Persian [modern Iran] king, [Koresh Jr. "the Great"], invaded Bã•vëlꞋ,
Nᵊvu-naid (!) was back in the capital. "On the 15th of [Seventhmonth], [the city of] Sippar surrendered to [Koresh Jr. "the Great"] without battle.Nᵊvu-naid fled [leavingBeil-ᵊsh-a•tzarꞋ acting king; ybd]. The next day Bã•vëlꞋ—whose priests, especially the priest ofMarduk, opposed him—opened its gates to Koresh… Aramaic fragments from Qum•rãnꞋ relate that while in Tei•mãnꞋ,Nᵊvu-naid was afflicted with [שְׁחִין] for seven years [ca. 550-543; ybd] until an unnamed Jewish [גְּזַר], a word which also appears in the Aramaic of Dãn•iy•eilꞋ, advised him to pray to thegodof the heavens instead of to the idols… This suggests that the story about the seven years' lycanthropy ofNᵊvu-khadᵊnëtzꞋar Jr.Nᵊvu-naid withNᵊvu-khadᵊnëtzꞋar Jr., BCE 561-539.Antiochus 4th Epiphanes Hellenist Syrian king Antiochus interpreted the retaking of Yᵊru•shã•laꞋyim, by Yᵊho•shuꞋa Bën-Tzã•doqꞋ as a revolt against his sovereignty and decided to punish the rebellious city. When he returned from Mi•tzᵊraꞋyim towards the end of BCE 169, he marched in person with his [Syrian] army against Yᵊru•shã•laꞋyim, executed a bloodbath there, and looted the immense treasures of the Beit ha-Mi•qᵊdãshꞋ, with the help, it is said, of [rabid Hellenist "High Priest"] Μενέλαος [ca. BCE 171-161; successor of Yᵊho•shuꞋa ("Jason") Bën-Shim•onꞋ Jr. Bën-Tza•doqꞋ] himself. All the valuables, amongst them the three great golden vessels from the inner Hei•khãlꞋ, the mi•zᵊbeiꞋakh of Incense, the seven-branched Mᵊnor•ãhꞋ and the Table of the Display Bread, were taken back by him to Antakya, Turkey. "The sanctuary in [Yᵊru•shã•laꞋyim] was to be polluted and called after
ΖεύςOlympus" (2nd Macc. 6.1-2).To ensure that these measures would be permanently implemented, the walls of the city were torn down by Antiochus. The Old City of Dã•widꞋ, however, was re-fortified with an a fortified, observatory tower, citadel — the [Syrian] 'Ακρα' was tall enough to look down into the court of the Beit ha-Mi•qᵊdãshꞋ, and was occupied from then on by an idolatrous garrison of Hellenist Syrians. In the words of Dãn•iy•eilꞋ (11.39), ‘He will use the people of a foreign
godto defend the fortress.’Antiochus issued instructions that the services of the Beit ha-Mi•qᵊdãshꞋ and observance of Tor•ãhꞋ were to be abolished and idolatrous Hellenist cults to foreign
godswere to be substituted instead. The observance of all Judaic ordinances, in particular those relating to Sha•bãtꞋ and circumcision, made capital offense. In every town in YᵊhudꞋãh sacrifice was to be offered to the Hellenistgods. Overseers were sent everywhere to see that the royal command was carried out. Where the people did not comply willingly, they were obliged to do so by force. Once a month a check was made, and whoever was found with a scroll of the Tor•ãhꞋ or had had a child circumcised, was put to death.Egyptologists' & Archeologists' "Low" Dating vs Scientists' "High" Dating Practitioners of the art of archeology (viz. archeologists and Egyptologists) have disagreed—by as much as to two centuries—with scientists' dating of ancient events in the Middle East ever since the emergence of 14 dating in the early 1940s.
As a consequence, archeological/Egyptological datings of the greatest eruption (Thera) in the world of recorded history are taught as having happened at different times, varying by up to two centuries, depending on the location where evidence of the eruption is found. This is because in some places dating has been estimated based on estimated lengths of reigns of rulers in that place while the successions of rulers in other place, including Egypt and the Par•ohꞋs, are rarely able to be cross-matched or fixed to an astronomical or other physical event.
The primary error is not in the sciences (14C, Dendrology, etc.).
Somewhere(s) in the different estimates by the practitioners of the art of archeology/Egyptology, there is a cumulative error, across the distant ends of the ancient world, of about two centuries of mismatch. It's as if a giant meteorite streaked across the sky in ancient Iraq and took about 2 centuries to land in the Mediterranean! That's not an exaggeration. The Καλλίστη Eruption is scientifically 14C-dated, but is attributed in the archeological-Egyptological arts world as much as almost 2 centuries later.
That the Biblical account of the Yᵊtzi•ãhꞋ describes the Thera event is more certain than nearly all of the archeological-Egyptological datings that are printed everywhere as if they were solidly proven. "Ca", abbreviation for circa, is a tiny indication that sometimes they have very little basis for their dating, and little idea when.
So, this is where the 14C Καλλίστη Eruption vs the earlier, arts-degreed archeologists' dating, ≈BCE 1453) meets the Yᵊtzi•ãhꞋ; a ridiculous and impossible 172 year-long Yᵊtzi•ãhꞋ and even that ridiculous band-aid doesn't address the enormity of the nearly 2-century gap between the scientists' "high" and practicers of the art of archeology's "low" datings still intensely argued.
As a scientist, I assert with confidence and conviction: the error, or collection of errors, will be found in the practice of the art of archeology-Egyptology, not in the mounting number of scientific specialties all agreeing on the late BCE 17th century dating of the Yᵊtzi•ãhꞋ. So when you see the reign of Par•ohꞋ so-and-so, or Kengiri (Mesopotamian) ruler so-and-so, dated, then you'd be wise to take it with a grain of salt—"yeah, or maybe as much as a couple of centuries earlier" (meaning a higher, negative, number BCE). But until the errors by the "arts" guys are sorted, the Thera eruption and Yᵊtzi•ãhꞋ are where the rubber fails to meet the road for the archeologists / Egyptologists. The Yᵊtzi•ãhꞋ is more firmly dated by the 14C dating of the Καλλίστη Eruption and not as I had earlier relied on archeologists' (and some geologists') dating ≈BCE 1453. But crunching the numbers above (i.e., before) the Καλλίστη Eruption, the Yᵊtzi•ãhꞋ "moves up" 172 years to mesh with the Καλλίστη Eruption event. This will still require finding how the two events mesh, both before and after the correction; i.e., the errors between preceding cross-matched (and if the are meshing cross-matched) events. These can, in all likelihood, only be sorted by the new genre of archeological sciences, not the old school of the arts genre archeologists/Egyptologists who made the dating mess in the first place.
Implications of Sha•bãtꞋ Epoch On Tᵊphil•otꞋ The six Biblical epochs (days) describe the mᵊlãkh•ãhꞋ of יְהוָׂה {Existant} in setting up the laws governing His forces, which cause the universe to exist and govern its workings, in contrast to the present epoch of His Sha•bãtꞋ in which we live today—in which He has declared that He has ceased to intervene, having defined further intervention as mᵊlãkh•ãhꞋ for Him.
Historically, with the sole exception of Avᵊrã•hãmꞋ and Yi•sᵊr•ã•eilꞋ, every inquiry striving to commune with
god(s) has been for the purpose of channeling Divine Power: prevailing ongod(s) to grant one's prayers. Stated equivalently, it is the quest to harness and take control of the Power of thegod(s), to direct the Divine Power as one's own power to achieve one's own purposes! Not only is it foolish to think we know how to do things better than יְהוָׂה {Existant}, it is presumptuous and arrogant. On top of that, to imagine that we will persuade יְהוָׂה {Existant} to do mᵊlãkh•ãhꞋ on His Sha•bãtꞋ, in stark contradiction to commands in the Tor•ãhꞋ that He gave us, borders on the mentality of a chimp. That we would even imagine to influence יְהוָׂה {Existant} to do mᵊlãkh•ãhꞋ on His Sha•bãtꞋ is audacious. Tᵊphil•ãhꞋ is designed, and works, to acknowledge to יְהוָׂה {Existant} when we need His help understanding and dealing with the realities of His Will—enabling us to understand and conform our will to His Will—reality, not changing His Will, "supernaturally" intervening to "tweak" His Perfect Laws to conform to our ideas. See my Effective Prayer Checklist.Biblical Lifespans There is no accepted interpretation explaining the apparent super-human lifespans and ages of early Biblical characters. Consistent use of the lunar calendar, while explaining the 930 (lunar year) lifespan of ÕdãmꞋ (equating to 77.5 solar years), fails upon yielding an age of 130 (lunar) years for becoming a father (<11 solar years old). There are other examples completely impossible. Still, this was a period in which the lunar calendar was transitioning into the solar calendar, which may factor in with no reliable consistency, and likely help to explain some of the impossibly long lifespans, particularly since, the skewing due to infant mortality rates aside, there was no appreciable difference in lifespan of humans who survived into adulthood in antiquity than adults living today.
This also spans periods in which humans aspired to be
gods, great warriors were "graduated" to recognition as (eternal)godsand, later, Par•ohꞋs and other rulers touted themselves to be (eternal)gods. Some ages may be a combination of ancient numerology and honorific years. Thus, it may also be that persons regarded as great in their country and generation, as even mere mention in the Bible implies, were awarded honorific years to their true lifespan in proportion to the perceived greatness: the stalwart of 20 years, of an approximate generation of (≈) 40 years, or of 1 or more centuries, etc.; much as we might award an honorific Ph.D. or Nobel Prize.While historians who are trying to work out chronologies place great importance on physical lifespans, the physical age may have been irrelevant to the ancients who had no calendar and no sense of history beyond the reigns of a few rulers according to oral family lore. The earliest extant scribes of the Bible were recording important personages and events, not chronology—and even they seemed to acknowledge as much. When they correlated with the histories of surrounding cultures, who had their own chronologies, there were sometimes gaps of uncertainty where the numbers didn't quite correlate.
Nevertheless, while (despite great variations in infant mortality rates and corresponding life expectancies from birth) the lifespans of humans reaching adulthood have been highly consistent throughout the human experiencee. There is little other information upon which to base a chronology. So literal "Biblical" years are best-guesstimates that can, at various points, easily vary by decades and cannot be understood as absolute values in the way we regard them in light of our technology.
Even the reigns of successors to Dã•widꞋ ha-MëlꞋëkh , although the lunar calendar was no longer confused with solar years, may vary by honorific extensions for various reigns in cases where the number of years didn't add up correctly for the earliest extant scribes. For example, whenever "40 years" is found, that is suspiciously like "some uncertain, unaccounted for, yet proper period" to make the numbers seem to work out the best they knew.
On the upside, these nebulous uncertainties allow for a multitude of chronological adjustments and refinements as scientific evidence mounts to resolve the Egyptologists' & Archeologists' "Low" Dating vs Scientists' "High" Dating
Reign of Shã•ulꞋ: Shᵊmu•eilꞋ ÃlꞋëph 13.1 בֶּן-שָׁנָה שָׁאוּל בְּמָלְכוׂ; וּשְׁתֵּי שָׁנִים, מָלַךְ עַל-יִשְׂרָאֵל.
The connective וּ is ambiguous, allowing 2 interpretations:
- Shã•ulꞋ was one year into his reign, and (i.e., then) he reigned two [more] years [for a total of 3 years], or
- Shã•ulꞋ was one year into his reign, and he reigned [a total of] two years
Dating Methodologies: The Crunch Between Art and Science Sophomoric arts-oriented supernaturalists, having eschewed science studies, have always read Mᵊlãkh•imꞋ Beit 6.1 simplistically; in the same way they read the "6 days of creation," most not even bothering to check the original language, insisting that the building of the Beit ha-Mi•qᵊdãshꞋ began exactly in the 480th year after the Yᵊtzi•ãhꞋ. The result, in each case, has been a time-crunch conundrum—only as much as a couple of centuries in the latter case but off by gigennia relative to creation between arts-oriented methodology versus contradictory and impossibly incompatible scientific methodology.
The earliest codifier of the preceding generations of oral tradition, from which this passage derived, was fully aware of the correct and simpler way of specifying several variations of:
בִּשְׁנַת אַרְבַּע מֵאוֹת שְׁמוֹנִים מ…
(in the year of four hundreds eighty from…)But, for some—essential—reason, ignored for millennia by superficial sophomores, the scribe wrote something cryptic instead:
בִּשְׁמוֹנִים שָׁנָה וְאַרְבַּע מֵאוֹת שָׁנָה לְ…
(in an 80 yearsing. and a 4 hundreds yearsing. to…) leaving Egyptwhich the scribe equated to the 4th regnal year of ShᵊlomꞋoh (Mᵊlãkh•imꞋ ÃꞋlëph 6.1).
Whether you begin with early apparent match-ups of history and Bible and follow the chronology forward, begin with important known (well, accepted as known or very close) dates in more recent history (e.g., BCE 586 or 722) and calculate Biblical chronology back into ancient times, or choose some apparent mesh between Bible and history in the middle (say, Par•ohꞋ
Ra-moses, bᵊ-Reish•itꞋ 47.11; Shᵊm•otꞋ 1.11; 12.37; bᵊ-Mi•dᵊbarꞋ 33.3, 5) and calculate from that point in both directions, Biblical history diverges from the history of other cultures of the Middle East, at some points by nearly two centuries or more. It's inescapable that there were, and remain, periods of uncertain duration cluttering the early scribes attempts to compile a chronology.The phraseology of Mᵊlãkh•imꞋ Beit 6.1 seems to acknowledge, and allude, to that, suggesting at least two major blocks of time: [1] first, an 80 year block, which = 2 40-year (i.e., uncertain) periods, and [2] second, a 400 year block, which = 10 x 40 years (10 x longer and more uncertain). The initial 40 year period of uncertain duration likely stretches back all the way to the 40 years (uncertain duration) of "wandering" subsequent to the Yᵊtzi•ãhꞋ. Thus, contrary to later sophomoric supernaturalist interpreters, the scribes who compiled the Biblical chronology seem to have acknowledged periods of uncertainty, guesstimates that allowed for "slosh" in the chronology.
This chronology attempts to match meshing events (e.g., named Israeli kings mentioned relative to named Par•ohꞋs, named kings of Bã•vëlꞋ, 14C-dated events, etc.), then distribute the "slosh" relatively evenly among the intervening 40-year periods where the original scribes seem to have been unsure of the duration and details of a given time. Consequently, many of these dates, while giving the best chronology possible with current information, should be understood not as absolute but, rather, as the best current estimates, strings of which must be allowed to float one way or the other as scientific input continues to flow in and enable refinements.
Scientific Definition Of An Ancient Generation The term generation is most often used to mean the mean period between parent and child. However, generation is also sometimes used in the sense of life-span (frequently confused with life-expectancy), generally approximated as one century.
While 25 years has been universally accepted for some time, even in scientific papers, actual scientific research has shown that, while this is a good estimate for the matriarchal generation, the patriarchal generations is several years longer. In the short term, this isn't very significant. Over many generations, however, the difference becomes critical. Further, "[w]ith the growing application of DNA testing to both anthropology and genealogy, the length of a generation takes on far more importance than it had in the past. Many conclusions from DNA evidence in both disciplines are frequently expressed in terms of generations back to a common ancestor, based on the very slow rate at which random changes or mutations take place in DNA patterns over a number of generations."
"In the first of the three more recent studies of generation length, sociologist Nancy Howell calculated average generational intervals among present-day members of the !Kung. These are a contemporary hunter-gatherer people of Botswana and Namibia whose life style is probably close to that of all our pre-agricultural ancestors in the dim past. The average age of mothers at birth of their first child was 20 and at the last birth 31, giving a mean of 25.5 years per female generation — considerably above the 20 years often attributed to primitive cultures. Husbands were six to 13 years older, giving a male generational interval of 31 to 38 years." (viz., 35 years). (Donn Devine, International Society Of Genetic Genealogy, 2016.06.08)
Reconciling A Seemingly Self-Contradicting Chronology Supernaturally-long lifespans aside (יְהוָׂה {Existant} can never contradict Himself by breaking His perfect laws to accomplish reality; it's sophomoric human interpreters who are the simpletons), whatever year one fixes for the birth of Dã•widꞋ ha-MëlꞋëkh, the genealogy, via Pã•rëtzꞋ, back to the birth of Av•rãmꞋ (521 years) is less than the chronology, via the Sho•phᵊt•imꞋ, back to the Yᵊtzi•ãhꞋ (571 years)! That impossibly implies that Mosh•ëhꞋ and the Yᵊtzi•ãhꞋ happened before Av•rãmꞋ was born! This is one facet of the conundrum between the High vs Low Dating between the arts-degreed archeologists practicing archeology as an art versus the new breed of archeological scientists.
The obvious impossibility forces any reasonable person to acknowledge that these alternate chronologies did not apply modern methodology dependent on modern technology; nor even the same methodology within the period. This forces us to scrutinize what constitutes a generation as well as ancient lifespans. The most plausible way that the period of the Sho•phᵊt•imꞋ (viz., Dã•widꞋ ha-MëlꞋëkh back to the Yᵊtzi•ãhꞋ) can mesh with the genealogy through Pã•rëtzꞋ (viz., from Dã•widꞋ ha-MëlꞋëkh back to Tã•mãrꞋ, YᵊhudꞋãh, Yi•tzᵊkhãqꞋ and Avᵊrã•hãmꞋ) is that the shorter (Sho•phᵊt•imꞋ) line uses a generation of approx. 35 years while the longer (Pã•rëtzꞋ) line apparently highlights the most important patriarch from each century. The "century generation" seems to be abandoned in favor of the 35-year generation within the first and last century (of 3, ≈35-year, generations). This methodology I developed and used in this chronology is the only methodology to date that reconciles the impossible gap between "High" and "Low" Datings.
Interestingly, there is never even the slightest hint in the Bible of any birthday being noted; as if actual physical years weren't actually counted and had nothing at all to do with the ancient perception of one's "days." In this time before calendars as we know them, the year was anchored only to the regnal year of the ruler, strings of years that were routinely reset. This seems to be complicated by some who have children around age 25 while others seem to begin having children around 125-130. Taken together, this all suggests that the 100 years is assigned as some distinction rather than years physically lived. Looking at the Sho•phᵊt•imꞋ vs Pã•rëtzꞋ imbalance, it cannot be coincidental that the math works out when the "century count" middle of the line is understood as grandfather to great-grandson macro-view, and equated to a "patriarch of the family century" 100 years, while the immediate unit at each end (grandfather to son to grandson micro-view) equates to an immediate-family unit count, 25-year generation between grandfather, son and grandson.
This also seems to offer an answer to how Yi•sᵊr•ã•eilꞋ was "130" when he spoke with Par•ohꞋ in Mi•tzᵊraꞋyim. He was his family's current "century patriarch," adding 100 to his "days." But, in his own words, he valued his days as few, 30—despite clearly being more advanced in physical years lived according to events in his life.
In short, one's "days" or "years" in post-NōꞋakh antiquity seem to have been an indication of one's position in one's own family, marking a family's patriarchal century, or one's place within the family's patriarchal century, and to reflect the perception of one's achievements, or failures; not strict physical age that we mark today. This is apparently further complicated by different perspectives of "age" that varied according to region and culture.
Pre-NōꞋakh years in NW Kengir (Mesopotamia; i.e. modern NE Turkey on the southwest coast of the Black Sea) seem to be measured in lunar years (months). Dividing by 12 yields lifespans realistic to scientific findings—which introduces a reality into what has long been regarded as an age of supernatural lifespans. We must remember that there were no long-term calendars to relate to; plus, "history" in those days amounted only to what we now think of as family lore passed down orally.
Post-NōꞋakh years in Kᵊna•anꞋ, by contrast, apparently marked patriarchal centuries, pre-NōꞋakh years seem to have reflected patriarchal millennia or more. In other words, while QaꞋyin and H evꞋël were, indeed, "sons" of ã•dãmꞋ, we don't know, and shouldn't claim to know, how many intervening descendants may have lived in the interim, between what may have been "millennial patriarchs".
Egypt seems to have applied a still-different perspective to one's age that indicated whether a person had endured through a period of particular hardship, which Egyptians equated to the number 70, derived from the heliacal setting below the horizon (which they viewed as the netherworld) of their
IꞋsis-star Sirius. Hence, '70 years' added to one's "days" is associated with having endured some particular hardships (famines, loss of a family member, etc.).Setting up all of the most well-known, thought to be "fixed," dates on a spreadsheet program, a few experiments with varying the 35-year generation and other balancing strategies brought the chronology into balance so that AmᵊrãmꞋ, as calculated from the spreadsheet calculation of Avᵊrã•hãmꞋ's birth, was 25 years old when his eldest son, A•ha•ronꞋ, was born; ergo, 28 when Mosh•ëhꞋ was born. Not bad, given that calculations from virtually any other mathematically consistent chronology, uh, oops, there isn't any other chronology that is mathematically consistent across its entirety.
Internal Contradictions & Gaps Resolved By Spreadsheet Version There are countless internal, intractable contradictions within Biblical chronology; screaming to any reasonable person that these were the "best guess" oral history handed down from generation to generation for countless generations. They didn't even have long-term calendars back then to relate to or provide perspective! Their interest was how, in general concepts, not precisely when, nor chronological precision—an idea not even imagined in the embryonic development of a historical story; nor taken seriously until dating technology of recent years in the modern era—which, today, still has an unresolved 2-century gap!
Only supernaturally long lives permit the generations from Yo•seiphꞋ's contemporary nephew when he was sold into Mi•tzᵊraꞋyim—Pã•rëtzꞋ to his son Khë•tzᵊr•ōnꞋ to his son AmᵊrãmꞋ to his son Mosh•ëhꞋ at the Yᵊtzi•ãhꞋ—to span 430 years.
To give their parallel descendants in the genealogy similarly consistent supernaturally-long lifespans pushes the dating of the Yᵊtzi•ãhꞋ down past the reign of ShᵊlomꞋoh ha-MëlꞋëkh, requiring the preposterous contradiction that Av•rãmꞋ was born after the reign of ShᵊlomꞋoh ha-MëlꞋëkh—among countless other distortions and internal contradictions.
See the spreadsheet version of this work for the bare-bones framework essential to balancing the entire tree so that all the numbers are, for the first time in history, consistent at all critical junctures. The spreadsheet doesn't pretend that each number is correct. That is an impossible goal. Rather, the spreadsheet focuses on several critical junctures, (particularly the events of BCE 586, 722, the 14C-dated Καλλίστη Eruption coinciding with the Yᵊtzi•ãhꞋ, and the necessity of the lifespans of Yo•seiphꞋ-YᵊhudꞋãh, to Qᵊhãt, to AmᵊrãmꞋ to Mosh•ëhꞋ meshing with the line of Pã•rëtzꞋ at the Yᵊtzi•ãhꞋ).
While there are surely numerous errors of a few years in one direction, there are complementary opposite and, crucially, all events are within reasonable expectations and, critically, the equation at all critical junctures implies equal errors in the opposite direction elsewhere so that the entire tree balances at all critical junctures, presenting the closest approximation—closer by centuries—than any previous attempts. It is also the only tree to finally reconcile the Egyptologists' & Archeologists' "Low" Dating vs Scientists' "High" Dating
Conundrums Of Numerology In Calendric Transition This is the period in which the mixture of lunar and solar calendars gives way to exclusively solar calendars. However, it would appear that, during this transition, in an age in which seniority and reputation meant everything, a man's age in solar years might be dismissed as junior, even childish, relative to the age of someone still intercalating their age in lunar years. Thus, it appears that different, sometimes conflicting, methods of numerology were used to "adjust" a solar age that was much smaller than the lunar ages of juniors in the area in order to produce respect consistent with one's true age.
It appears that numerology became the primary corrective factor. Avᵊrã•hãmꞋ died at the perplexing age of 175 (bᵊ-Reish•itꞋ 25.7-8). We know from scientific examinations of every body from every period that this was too old for natural lifespan (a supernaturalist self-contradicting
godaside) but too young to be lunar years. Adding 100 to the solar age as a factor seems to have designated the patriarch of the family at the time and would have indicated that Avᵊrã•hãmꞋ died at the age of 75. But transition seems to have been ongoing during his lifetime since that's contradicted by other ages at various events in his life. For example, Av•rãmꞋ left Khã•rãnꞋ at age 75 (bᵊ-Reish•itꞋ 12.4). So how is his age at that event to be explained?The earliest extant scribes, and perhaps the oral lore historians themselves, seem to have used the number 40 much like we use "x" or "n" today (e.g., a vacation of "n" number of days); but to express a "fudge factor" chronological gap, where the information is inconsistent and doesn't add up correctly; an uncertain modal generation of 20-50 years or so: "40 years".
The Ma•bulꞋ
3D Black Sea map (historum.com)
Legitimate scientists (sifting out the endless myth-agenda quacks in internet searches to find recognized geologists and related scientists from prestigious universities like Stanford) find no evidence within 3 millennia that could form any credible basis for the Ma•bulꞋ. Scientists pinpoint the most likely event to which the Ma•bulꞋ referred as the Mediterranean-Aegean Sea bursting through the Bosphorus and Dardanelles straits separating Asian-Continent northern Turkey from European-Continent northern Turkey, flooding the Black Sea ≈BCE 5500,
There are at least a couple of ways in which this could explain NōꞋakh being associated with the flood:
The most likely explanation is that the earliest widespread oral history of mankind, passed down from generation to generation, included many lacuna with only a few notable stalwarts of earlier millennia, from NōꞋakh going back to ÕdãmꞋ. In such case, the earliest that might be reasonably chronological would likely be Arᵊpa•khᵊshadꞋ, who would have related to his children that he descended, in some distant past, from Sheim, who was born (along with , Khãm and Yã•phëtꞋ) of NōꞋakh, etc.
Later, at age 50, NōꞋakh probably became associated with the Ma•bulꞋ by being the first recorded ancestor in the family credited with learning of it through oral history (perhaps first learning to translate it from the Sumerian cuneiform and transcribe it into proto-Hebrew Akkadian cuneiform); thus becoming NōꞋakh's Flood or the Flood of NōꞋakh, in which NōꞋakh and his family are confused or conflated with earlier ancestors who lived through the event.
NōꞋakh died at age 950 (bᵊ-Reish•itꞋ 9.29). This is also expressed in lunar years (months), equating to slightly over 79 solar years old. (bᵊ-Reish•itꞋ 5.28).
Pay it forward (Quote & Cite):
| Yirmeyahu Ben-David. Chronology (2024.07.21). Netzarim Jews Worldwide (Ra'anana, Israel). https://www.netzarim.co.il/Shared/Glossary/Chronology.htm (Retrieved: Month Da, 20##). |
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Then they have the audacity, after hawking that childish laugher wrapped in mathematical camouflage, to criticize acknowledgment of a Singularity-Creator as not intellectual!)
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