TzūrꞋ (Thera). Renamed ≈BCE 10ᵗʰ century by the Greek Pūlossians to Kal•lisꞋtæ (Plato's Atlantis?), Santorini. (And fabled Minoa); satellite view)

ᵏHa•tᵊ•tū´sha-TzūrꞋ Maritime Naval & Merchant Marine Confederation trade routes, with TzūrꞋ (Thera) Colony Island & Kᵊnossos, Kᵊrē•të. Also shown is post-eruption (≈BCE ) Πύλος, home port of the post-eruption emerging Pūlossians. Plato's geographical misplacement of Atlantis may be a garbling "myth-creep" of descriptions from Pūlossian mariners.

ᴷH•ãr•ūmꞋ-𐤑𐤓 (MSH: Tzr; Tzūr—modern Tyre, Lebanon; and the island of (ᴷH•ãr•ūmꞋ) Tzūr—Hellenized, post-LBAC, to (Port) Thæra Is­land.

This Hellenist Greek name is the earliest recorded name of the island-site of the 2^nd-mightiest volcanic eruption (≈BCE . ) in recorded history, recently upgraded to VEI-7.

(ᴷH•ãr•ūmꞋ) Tzūr Island

Earliest Extant Name

The original name of this originally Semitic-speaking island on the Anatolian Plate couldn't have been Indo-EurAsian Plate, post-, , post-LBAC Greek. Yet, the earliest recorded name of this Aegean-Mediter­ra­ne­an island is post-LBAC, from ≈BCE 1100—at least 7 kiloyears after the emergence of the island's autochthonous human inhabitants: Semitic-speaking Gondwana-rifted Cimmerian Terranes island cousins of the ᵏHa•tᵊ•tū´sha.

qqqTzurNote ## worksites remaining below

The Tzur-Phoenicians vs Greek Pulossians

(often referred to simply as the Phoenicians) and the Greek Pulossians (Philistines) were two distinct groups that inhabited the eastern Mediterranean region, but they had different origins, cultures, and historical timelines. Here’s a comparison and contrast of the two:

The Tzur-Phoenicians Time Period:

Emerged around 1500 BCE??? 12th to 6th centuries BCE

Flourished from approximately the 9th century BCE to the 6th century BCE.

Cyprus, Sicily, Sardinia, N Africa

Declined after the conquests of Alexander the Great in the 4th century BCE.

Practiced a Canaanite religion with a pantheon of gods, including Baal and Astarte

Spoke a Semitic language related to Hebrew and Aramaic

Geography:

Originated from the coastal cities of modern-day Lebanon, particularly Tyre, Sidon, and Byblos

. Culture and Society:

Known for their advanced maritime trade, shipbuilding, and navigation skills.

Developed a phonetic alphabet that greatly influenced later writing systems, including Greek and Latin.

Engaged in extensive trade networks across the Mediterranean, reaching as far as North Africa, Spain, India and the British Isles.

Practiced polytheism, worshiping a pantheon of gods, including Baal and Astarte.

Political Structure:

Comprised independent city-states, each with its own king and government.

Often engaged in trade and alliances, but also in conflicts with neighboring powers.

Greek Pulossians Time Period:

The Pulossians are believed to have settled in the region around the 12th century BCE, during the period of the Sea Peoples.

Their prominence lasted until around the 7th century BCE, when they were gradually absorbed by the expanding empires of the region, particularly the Israelites and later the Babylonians.

Geography: Settled along the coastal region of modern-day Israel and the Gaza Strip, in cities such as Ashkelon, Ashdod, Ekron, Gath, and Gaza. Culture and Society:

Adopted aspects of Canaanite culture, including the worship of deities like Dagon

Spoke a language related to Greek, but also incorporated Semitic influences

Declined in power and influence by the 7th century BCE, eventually being assimilated into the Assyrian and Babylonian empires. The Pulossians are often associated with the Aegean culture, having possibly originated from the Aegean region.

Known for their distinctive pottery and architecture, which showed influences from both Aegean and local cultures.

Engaged in agriculture and trade, but also known for their conflicts with the Israelites, as depicted in biblical narratives.

Political Structure:

Organized into a confederation of five city-states known as the Pentapolis (Gaza, Ashkelon, Ashdod, Ekron, and Gath).

Governed by local lords or rulers, often in conflict with neighboring groups, including the Israelites.

Comparison and Contrast

Origins: The Phoenicians were Semitic people with a long history in the region, while the Pulossians Greek Pulossians were a group of Aegean migrants who settled in the southern Levant.

Cultural Influence: The Phoenicians were influential in trade and the development of the alphabet, while the Pulossians are often depicted in biblical texts as adversaries of the Israelites.

Political Structure: The Phoenicians were organized into independent city-states, while the Pulossians formed a confederation of five city-states.

Time Periods: The Phoenicians had a longer duration of influence, particularly in trade and culture, while the Pulossians were more prominent during the early Iron Age and faced decline by the 7th century BCE.

In summary, while both groups were significant in the ancient Mediterranean world, they had different origins, cultural practices, and historical trajectories.

The TzūrꞋ Thalassocracy emerged sometime during the LBAC, ≈BCE 1500, peaking ≈BCE 9ᵗʰ–6ᵗʰ centuries, when the rival Pūlossians began surging to prominance; eventually overshadowing TzūrꞋ. All of these maritime "Sea Peoples" were finally defeated by the Roman Empire ≈BCE 200).

Prior to the its calamitous eruption (≈BCE ), the island initially served as the maritime epicenter of the far earlier, pre-Neolithic, Anatolian ᵏHa•tᵊ•tū´sha civilization ≈12 Ka (BCE 10 Ka).

With the emergence of TzūrꞋ,

Discussing the original name of an inhabited island first requires the inhabitants' world view. In the case of a fairly good-sized island before discovering any neighboring islands, there was no need for the island. It was simply "home" in their language. When neighboring islands came within their world view, only simple names were needed; e.g., palm island, funny (shaped) island, etc.

Only when a distant visitor from an unknown place arrivies does a mutually-recognized island name become necessary. Millennia after ᵏHa•tᵊ•tū´sha were sailing the Mediterranean and the TzūrꞋ arrived, the island was called ᴷH•ãr•ūmꞋ TzūrꞋ (Island). It's reasonable, then, to suggest that, millennia before Greek-Pūlossians colonized the island and gave it a Greek name, its previous, original, name was likely ᴷH•ãr•ūmꞋ ᵏHa•tᵊ•tū´sha Island.

≈9,000 years later (≈BCE 1260), the island was shared with a colony of their confederate marine ally, the citydom of Tzūr, better known by the exonym Phoenicians (≈modern Lebanon).

9 millennia later (≈BCE 10ᵗʰ century), the name was Hellenized by post-eruption (i.e. LBAC) Greeks to ΘΎΡΑ (ThūrꞋa, Anglicized to Thëra), misread in Latin/​English as \'\'Tyra\'\'—hence Tyre.

≈BCE 4^th century, Greeks renamed their colony in what was left of the Aegean Island to Καλλίστη [Kal•lisꞋtæ, fair one].

Lastly (≈1204 CE), Roman Christians renamed the island colony venerating St. Irene (Santorini).

Since the volcano on Kallistæ island erupted be­fore (and enabled) colonization by the Tzūr•imꞋ (BCE 1550-​300), the Tzūr•imꞋ merely perpetuated the pre-history ᴷha•tᵊ•tūꞋsha name, honoring a sea nymph long predating Greek mythology. In , Spartan colonists renamed the island to a Hellenized form of Tzūr (Helllenized to Thæra, English Thera). Finally, c 1204 CE, Christians renamed the island to Santorini (Saint Irene). (Akrotiri was an ancient ᴷha•tᵊ•tūꞋsha city, now an archeological site, on the island. Some theorize this may have been Atlantis.)

𐤑𐤓 was first transliterated into Greek, almost certainly via Linear A (≈BCE 1800–​1450,) or Linear B (≈BCE 1400–1200), around the beginning of the Greek Dark Age LBAC, as the Hellenization-transliterated endonym ΘΥΡΑ. This Roman-era (commonly-uppercase), "Tyra" in Latin letters & anglicized as "Tyre" (Lebanon).

It seems clear that the earliest English name for this island ("Thera")—now the official historical name, derives not from the Greek name of Spartan leader Θήρα (upper case ΘΉΡΑ)—but, rather, for the island the Spartan leader was named for: ΘΥΡΑ.

qqq1ˢᵗGlos ## worksites remaining below

from which the Tzi•yᵊd•ōnꞋi•an-Tzūrians  fled (being warned by increased volcanic activity before the eruption).  The apocalyptic eruption blew ¾ of the island into the stratosphere, scattering volcanic ash throughout the entire eastern Mediterranean Basin. Egyptian Ra-moses Jr. "the Great's" mention  of the TzurꞋi•an (Tshur•[d]in) Phoenician marauding mariners, but not the Pūlossians, in the First Battle of the Nile Delta (BCE 1290) suggests that the Pūlossians had not, to that time, yet eclipsed the Tzi•yᵊd•ōnꞋi•an-TzūrꞋ.

Yet, in the Second Battle of the Nile Delta (BCE 1182), Ra-moses 3^rd specifically mentions  the Pūlossians, but not the TzūrꞋ marauding mariners. This suggests that the Pūlossian eclipsing of the TzūrꞋ occurred some time between these two battles. Thus, the Pūlossian recolonizing of endonym 𐤑𐤓 (exonym Θήρα) likely occurred during the time between these two battles with the Egyptians.

when recolonized by Pūlossians some time before their emergence is first documented in the by Egyptian Par•ōhꞋ Ra-moses 3^rd [¹⁴C BCE 1190–1174; 8th regnal year] in the Second Battle of the Nile Delta BCE 1182. The Pūlossians were not included in the list of maritime marauders of Par•ōhꞋ Ra-moses Jr. "the Great" in the [First Battle Of The Nile Delta (šrdnn, Tzidonim; Tanis Stele II Tanis Ra-Moses2 Stele2 Sherdans 526x832.png) in his 2nd regnal year, BCE 1290 [¹⁴C BCE 1292–52].

Greek Dark Age cBCE 1536–1200

(ᴷH•ãr•ūmꞋ) Tzūr Island

≈BCE Eruption

Tzūr Island with ghost image reconstruction of pre-eruption island. Concentric rings were formed by previous, smaller eruptions and swellings—likely Plato's "Atlantis". The great eruption of blew "Atlantis'" rings into the stratosphere.

In 1990, science researchers reported the "[Tzūr] eruption [was] much larger than originally believed… ranking in fact as VEI 7…

qqq VEI numbers are logarithmic (log₁₀). A VEI-7 eruption is 10x greater than VEI-6!!! The VEI-7 Thæra eruption, then, was 10x larger than the VEI-6 Krakato eruption!!!

By comparison, the VEI-6 Krakatoa "eruption of 1883 in Indonesia created a 100-foot-high tsunami…, as well as pyroclastic flows that traveled 40 kilometers across the surface of the seas… The [Tzūr] eruption [of ≈BCE ] would likely have generated an even larger tsunami and pyroclastic flows that traveled much farther over the surface of the sea."

The Island's Indigenous Humans

"The human presence on the island seems to have existed since the middle of the 3rd millennium B.C. The excavation at Akrotiri (see satellite photo) has confirmed that man’s activity on the island continues until the eruption of the volcano in around 1600 B.C., which entirely buried the island beneath very thick layers of pozzuolana. All traces of human activity vanished from the island until the end of the 13th century B.C." xbr https://www.santorini.net/new-finds-at-the-akrotiri-excavations-on-santorini/

Beginning ≈BCE 1755, Yi•sᵊr•ã•eilꞋ was sojourned in Mi•tzᵊr•ayꞋim. most likely previously identified by earliest extant (Egyptian hieroglyphs) Thæra Colony.

Ancient Aege­an Sea-Nymph Mermaid-God­dess Of The Full Moon; also the Aegean island named after their mermaid moon god­dess; the site of the 2^nd-mightiest volcanic eruption in recorded history, recently upgraded to VEI-7,  ≈BCE .  

Strategically located near the ancient epicenter of the Aegean friction fault-line running north-south between the ancient Mycenaean-Greek versus Near-Eastern (including Semitic) cultural and military worlds, Tzūr was the Pūlossian naval superpower thalassocracy and shipping cartel hub for the Aegean Sea (second only to their main Mediterranean headquarters at Kᵊnossos, Crete).

After Tzūr: The 5-Century Late Bronze Age Collapse (LBAC)

(The "Greek Dark Age")

𐤑𐤓-Colony Island—​Hellenized exonyms: pre-LBAC  ΘΥΡΑ, post-LBAC  Θήρα. Recolonized post-eruption by Pūlossians as Καλλίστη. Finally, Roman Christians renamed it Santa Ei•ræ•naiꞋöss (Santorini) Island & Kᵊnossos, Crete; with Pūlossian & Tzi•yᵊd•ōnꞋi•an-TzōrꞋi•ans  Mediter­ranean maritime shipping lanes through the Straits of Gibralter to Iberia (Portugal) in the Atlantic Ocean. Plato's geographical misplacement of Atlantis may be a garbling "myth-creep" of descriptions from these mariners who had sailed—via Tzūr—to Iberia (modern Portugal).

Kallistæ—​ new name given by Pūlossian, who conquered the TzūrꞋi•ans cBCE 1236 (1st Nile Battle 1290–2nd Nile Battle 1182) and recolonized the Aegean island of Thæra 3 centuries after its catastrophic, Yᵊtzi•ãhꞋ-triggering, volcanic eruption of ≈BCE .

qqqrainb

The Pūlossian full-moon, sea nymph mermaid goddess Kal•lisꞋtæ was surely related to both the fish-shaped Dãg•ōnꞋ god of the Pūlossian colony in AhꞋzãh, as well as the moon-goddess known throughout the ancient Mediterranean world as Hãt-HōrꞋ.

Strategically located near the ancient epicenter of the Aegean friction fault-line running north-south between the ancient Mycenaean-Greek versus Near-Eastern (including Semitic) cultural and military worlds, Kal•lisꞋtæ was the Pūlossian naval superpower thalassocracy and shipping cartel hub for the Aegean Sea (second only to their main Mediterranean headquarters at Kᵊnossos, Crete).

After Kal•lisꞋtæ: The 5-Century Late Bronze Age Collapse (LBAC)

(The "Greek Dark Age")

You've probably never heard about anything that followed the Tzūr eruption. There's good reason for that. Archaeologists and historians have traditionally subscribed to the false notion that science and scholarship cannot be compatible with Ta•na״khꞋ. This is an extension of the Medieval Dark Ages Church's lock on scientists, which held that only findings that were compatible with the "divine truth" of Καινής Διαθήκης (displacement mythology supercession, i.e. miso-Judaism) of the Christian Church could possibly be "scientific" and permissible! Contradicting the Church's "divine truth" (equated to "science") was a capital offense. Hence, the subsequent Late Bronze Age Collapse (LBAC), aka the "Greek Dark Age", has long been kept an obscure and long-avoided evasion of reality, not talked-about by the "science" community—despite the undisputed reality that it blotted-out history over the entire Eastern Mediterranean and Near-East for ≈5-cen­tu­ries!!! Why do scientists duck for cover avoiding this discussion? Simply because Tzūr was a natural event that triggered the 10 Plagues of Ta•na״khꞋ followed by the Yᵊtzi•ãhꞋ—intractably disproving the Christian Church's dependence on divinely supernatural "divine truth"—enforced on pain of death.

Nearly all of the arguments against the authenticity of the historical record in Ta•na״khꞋ depend upon the dearth of evidence during the LBAC (coupled with a 3-century pottery-dating error by Christian arts-degreed archaeologists that made Ta•na״khꞋ claims appear untenable)! Old-school, arts-degreed archaeologists (and more than a few impressively degreed scientists) still laboring under the Church's long-defunct threat (or their own lingering anti-Ta•na״khꞋ religious  beliefs in supernatural "divine truth"), haven't learned the axiom that absence of evidence is not evidence of absence.

Compare: Biggest Eruption Ever Scientifically Recorded

For comparison, scientists attribute the greatest volcanic eruption in recorded history to Mt. Tambora (Indonesia, 1815). Mt. Tambora began rumblings, generating a black cloud, warning islanders to leave, in 1812, 3 years before it exploded. It erupted in 1815 with a VEI-7, ejecting 160–213 [km³] (38–51 [mi³]) of tephra into the atmosphere; lifting a plume of super-heated tephra and volcanic ash suspended in gases up to 45 km ([28 mi,] 148,000 ft) high—well into the stratosphere.

The explosion was heard 5 days later more than 2,600 km (1,600 mi) away.

Fortunately, but seemingly inconsistently, by the time that the ensuing Mt. Tambora tsunami crossed the Flores Sea 330 km (200 mi) north to the neighboring islands, it was only 4m (13 ft). Whereas the Tonga eruption of 2022—only a VEI-5—produced a tsunami 90m (almost 3 football fields) high and triggered atmospheric gravity waves that reached the edge of space.!!!  Tzūr's VEI-7 eruption was 100x more explosive than Tonga's VEI-5!

Despite being almost 10° south latitude, longitudinal winds spread these gases and fine ash particles in the atmosphere around the planet  where they lingered for years, causing changes in weather patterns resulting in a "volcanic winter". 1918 is known as the "year without a summer"; midsummer frosts and snows in North America and Europe, followed by loss of crops and resulting famines globally, accompanied by epidemics, recorded across northern Europe. Precipitation fluctuated wildly, from floods to droughts, causing further famines and plagues that lasted at least through 1818. There is some evidence there were also changes in sea temperatures and currents, that may have further altered future weather patterns globally.

Extensive famines and epidemics, particularly at the global level, affect the health and even the remaining composition of populations, from utero  through subsequent consecutive lifetimes. A fortiori, global famines and epidemics cause global upheavals and collapses in whole economies (especially heavily agriculturally based economies) as populations, suffering from famines and ensuing plagues, compete for survival amidst extreme scarcity of food, and resources. Scarcity of survival necessities foment wars, even changes in empires. These devastating, cumulative and enduring effects can have great effect for centuries—even permanently, forever altering the course of history and world civilizations.

Pay it forward (Quote & Cite):

Yirmeyahu Ben-David. (Port) Tzūr (2024.11.25). Netzar­im Jews World­wide (Ra'anana, Israel). https://www.netzarim.co.il/ (Accessed: MM DD, YYYY).

© 1996-present by Paqid Yirmeyahu Ben-David,
Google+ registered author & publisher