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Updated: 2022.07.31 
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 BCE 5th Century, Herodotus' Description of Eastern Mediterranean coastlands from Syria in the North to Egypt; including the 4 Pulossian (Philistine/Palestina; ) colonies |
Herodotos Carian, which were Aegaean/Cretan (The Histories, Book I Section 171.) "Halicarnassus became a satrapy, or province, of the Persian Empire and was ruled by the tyrant Lygdamis. Herodotus’ family opposed Lygdamis’ rule and was sent into exile on the island of Samos. When he was a young man, Herodotus returned briefly to Halicarnassus to take part in an abortive anti-Persian rebellion. After that, however, the writer never returned to his home city again." https://www.history.com/topics/ancient-history/herodotus, update: 2019.10.24. Accessed 2022.08.02.
Mycenaean, Cretan-{Minoan}-Aegaean (wiki Thucydides, 1.4; Herodotus 3.122 ) Tribes: Pulossians Dorians, Carians, Ionians,
When reading Æ•röꞋdöt•ös ("Herodotos"), one must keep in mind his POV: a Classic Greek, whose Carian-Greek hometown (Halicarnassus; now Bodrum, Turkey) was located on a small isthmus on the western coast of what is today Turkey (i.e. Anatolia)—within the 𐎧𐏁𐏂𐎶 (Neo-Persian Iranian Empire). His hometown was one of the last Greek holdouts to reject Greek incursion and remain loyal to the 𐎧𐏁𐏂𐎶 (Neo-Persian Iranian Empire). Æ•röꞋdöt•ös writes from his personal, Greek, knowledge-perspective (and Greek language); not of a Persian (or Semitic) authority but as he saw it through his Classic Greek lens. Due to his foreign (Greek) background, he gave particular emphasis to pro-Persian aspects; especially, as best he could, when describing his own Greek people (Παλαιστίνη, Φοίνιξ , et al.)—and particularly illustrating his personal, Greek pro-Persian, loyalty— to 𐏋 𐎠𐎼𐎫𐎧𐏁𐏂𐎠 (Neo-Persian Iranian Empire), while down-playing, as best he reasonably could, any aspects that would be perceived negatively by Persians. Some of his descriptions, since verified, were garbled in Persian-Greek translation (e.g., large "ants" that mine gold dust and "Atlantis" (probably Kal•lisꞋtæ).
Παλαιστίνη was the Classical Greek name of the (pre LBAC Greek "Dark Age") Mycenaean Greek Pūlossians, including subgroupings Phoenicians , "Sea Peoples" and "Minoans" (q.v. Pūlossians). Prior to the Kal•lisꞋtæ eruption, the Mycenaean Pūlossians (Æ•röꞋdöt•ös' Classical Παλαιστίνη) controlled the Mediterranean Sea as a maritime superpower cartel during the Early Bronze Age from its eastern coastlands to Portugal in the Atlantic Ocean (q.v. Pūlossians).
The Παλαιστίνη Maritime Superpower was shattered by the eruption in at their Aegaean hub, Kal•lisꞋtæ, c . The greatest explosion the civilization had ever witnessed triggered a chain of cataclysms that devastated their heart and core at Crete as well as the entire LBAC Mediterranean world, collapsing economies and empires with consequent famines and plagues resulting in a half-millennium of climate apocalypse—the "Greek Dark Age"! The Παλαιστίνη maritime empire was done. This cataclysm in the heart of their maritime empire orphaned them of their maritime protection and support. No longer able to support their seacoast colonies, the Παλαιστίνη colonies withered and assimilated into the surrounding peoples—with the notable exception, as corroborated by Greek DNA analyses, of the Παλαιστίνη colony in what is now Lebanon.
With the exception of occasional Παλαιστίνη DNA echos of their Phoenician colony among modern Lebanese, the last Παλαιστίνη colony known to history was in Ashᵊqᵊlōn. In BCE 604 (as a result of their miscalculation in siding with nearby Mi•tzᵊr•ayꞋim against 
(Nabû-kud•urri-utzur Jr.)), they abandoned their last stronghold, assimilating into the surrounding peoples, and disappearingforever from history. With the exception of elements in Phoenicia, Παλαιστίνη were extinct. No longer a distinct people, all of there former colonies (even in Phoenicia) reverted back to the control of their Near East peoples.
By the time of Herodotus wrote Histories, , Yi•sᵊr•ã•eilꞋ (i.e. The 10 Northern Tribes) had been deracinated 3½ centuries earlier and were extinct. 𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹 (Khᵊsha•a•ya•th•i•yah) (Nabû-kud•urri-utzur Jr.)had decapitated YᵊhūdꞋãh (exiling the kingdom's government and priestly leaders), razed Yᵊrū•shã•laꞋyim, destroyed the Beit ha-Mi•qᵊdãshꞋ and a 𒆳𒆍𒀭𒊏𒆠 (Kaldean Neo-Babylonian Empire) SãꞋtrap•y more than a century earlier in BCE 586. Shãh 𐎤𐎢𐎽𐎢𐏁 had wrested the empire 89 years before ,
A scan of the full English translation of M.I.T.'s The Internet Classics Archive of Herodotus' Histories for "Palestine" demonstrates that there are exactly 5 instances of "Palestine" in Histories:
I'm including interlinear texts that provide the English translation by George Rawlinson published @ The Internet Classics Archive of M.I.T., with my emendations, beside the Greek as published by The Internet Sacred Text Archive
"After this they marched forward with the design of invading Egypt. When they had reached Palestine, … On their return, passing through Ascalon, a city of Syria, the greater part of them went their way without doing any damage; but some few who lagged behind pillaged the temple of Celestial Venus."
"105. [1] ἐνθεῦτεν δὲ ἤισαν ἐπ᾽ Αἴγυπτον. καὶ ἐπείτε ἐγένοντο ἐν τῇ Παλαιστίνῃ Συρίῃ, Ψαμμήτιχος σφέας Αἰγύπτου βασιλεὺς ἀντιάσας δώροισί τε καὶ λιτῇσι ἀποτράπει τὸ προσωτέρω μὴ πορεύεσθαι. [2] οἳ δὲ ἐπείτε ἀναχωρέοντες ὀπίσω ἐγένοντο τῆς Συρίης ἐν Ἀσκάλωνι πόλι, τῶν πλεόνων Σκυθέων παρεξελθόντων ἀσινέων, ὀλίγοι τινὲς αὐτῶν ὑπολειφθέντες ἐσύλησαν τῆς οὐρανίης Ἀφροδίτης τὸ ἱρόν [sacred-place]."
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 4961x2791.png "Click to enlarge"){kind=small} Map of Herodotus' Travels, cBCE 440 in the 𐎧𐏁𐏂𐎶 (Neo-Persian Iranian Empire) of 𐏋 𐎠𐎼𐎫𐎧𐏁𐏂𐎠. |
is corroborated by archaeology having found the stallae ("pillars") at Nahr al-Kalb (River of the Dog), Lebanon that Herodootus confused Par•ōhꞋ Sesostris with founded by Amphilochos the son of Amphiaraos on the borders of the Kilikians and the Syrians, and extends as far as Egypt, not including the territory of the Arabians (for this was free from payment), the amount was three hundred and fifty talents; and in this division are the whole of Phenicia and Syria which is called Palestine and Cyprus: this is the fifth division." https://sacred-texts.com/cla/hh/hh3090.htm 2022.07.29
3 "91. [1] ἀπὸ δὲ Ποσιδηίου πόλιος, τὴν Ἀμφίλοχος ὁ Ἀμφιάρεω οἴκισε ἐπ᾽ οὔροισι τοῖσι Κιλίκων τε καὶ Σύρων, ἀρξάμενος ἀπὸ ταύτης μέχρι Αἰγύπτου, πλὴν μοίρης τῆς Ἀραβίων (ταῦτα γὰρ ἦν ἀτελέα), πεντήκοντα καὶ τριηκόσια τάλαντα φόρος ἦν. ἔστι δὲ ἐν τῷ νομῷ τούτῳ Φοινίκη τε πᾶσα καὶ Συρίη ἡ Παλαιστίνη καλεομένη καὶ Κύπρος· νομὸς πέμπτος οὗτος." https://sacred-texts.com/cla/hh/hh3090.htm 2022.07.29
3.91 "The country reaching from the city of Posideium(built by Amphilochus, son of Amphiaraus, on the confines of Syria and Cilicia) to the borders of Egypt, excluding therefrom a district which belonged to Arabia and was free from tax, paid a tribute of three hundred and fifty talents. All Phoenicia, Palestine Syria, and Cyprus, were herein contained. This was the fifth satrapy."
Book 4.39.1-2
"Dark Age" ► Koine-Greek Greek Dark Age): Herodotus' Syrian-Παλαιστίνη ("Palestine") |
| BCE 5th Century, Herodotus' Description of Μυριανδικοῦ Κόλπου (Mū•ri•an•di•köꞋū Köl•p öꞋū) Mediterranean West-Turkish Peninsula Coastlands-Pulossia ("Palestina";) |
Herodotus (cBCE 484–425) travels followed 102 years that YᵊhūdꞋãh had been nationally orphaned of its royal and religious cental government (Bã•vëlꞋ having "cut the head off" of the nation of YᵊhūdꞋãh). Consequently, in the time of Herodotus' travels, YᵊhūdꞋãh had been a leaderless people ("without a shepherd"), first absorbed into the 𒆳𒆍𒀭𒊏𒆠 (Kaldean Neo-Babylonian Empire) SãꞋtrap•y, then absorbed into the 𐎧𐏁𐏂𐎶 (Neo-Persian Iranian Empire) as a SãꞋtrap•y.
Thus, when Herodotus was in Persia looking west toward Φοινίκης, describing the extent of Persia, he wrote (Histories, Book 4.38):
Herodotus (cBCE 484–425) lived more than 4 centuries after the Greek Dark Ages had ended; in Halicarnassus, an Ionian Greek city on the SW coast of Anatolia (now Bodrum, Turkey), a SãꞋtrap•y of 𐎧𐏁𐏂𐎶 (Neo-Persian Iranian Empire). Herodotus was a travel-writer, explicitly describes, exclusively, what he saw and heard on location, from local authorities, in his travels (not latest oral stories from sailors and merchants after he returned home). Thus, the description ascribed to Herodotus referred, inter alia, not to what Herodotus personally saw (which would have been Iran’s Fifth (Maritime) Tax SãꞋtrap•y—prior even to the decree of Iranian Shãh Artakhshast-Artaxerxes to authorize rebuilding the walls of Yᵊrū•shã•laꞋyim).
Accordingly, at the time Ἡρόδοτος wrote Ἱστορίαι chronicling the Greco-Persian Wars, Yᵊrū•shã•laꞋyim (as well as the entire nation of YᵊhūdꞋãh) was only 8 years into rebuilding after its nadir.
From cBCE 445 until Hadrian—who actually exiled all of the Yᵊhūd•imꞋ upon pain of death and reformed YᵊhūdꞋãh for the first time as a Roman province Hadrian renamed from YᵊhūdꞋãh to "Syria-Palestina" (135 CE) the only thing that existed that Herodotus could have referred to was the non-contiguous string of Pulossians coastal colonies between Egypt and—wait for it—Phoenicians (maritime cousins, but distinct)!
Most critically, nothing Herodotus recounted can be definitively dated later than BCE 430. Before Hadrian, 135 CE, the Palestina Province was strictly in Syria—separated from YᵊhūdꞋãh by the Shō•mᵊr•ōnꞋ, the Gã•lilꞋ and Phoenicia (Lebanon)! Before 135 CE, there had never been any connection between the Roman "Palestina" province—i.e. Phoenicia, located in Syria (or the other coastal Philistine (Palestinian) colony-clusters, Gaza Strip) and YᵊhūdꞋãh. It wasn't until after Hadrian crushed the Bar-KōkhꞋvã Rebellion in 135 CE, that he was able to Romanize YᵊhūdꞋãh, erase its name and redraw the southern border of the existing Roman Province of Palestina, located in Syrai, extending its border south to swallow YᵊhūdꞋãh.
Those who argue that Herodotus labeled any area of Israel as "Palestine" ignore the fact that Herodotus traveled almost exclusively by boat. Even inland he traveled down the Nile or Euphrates rivers. Herodotus saw "Palestine" during his travels 1. only from his ship sailing along the coast from Egypt to Syria, and 2. identifying the only only possible Syrian Palestina during his lifetime was located north of modern Lebanon—Syrian Palestina (which is also why he doesn't describe places in-between)!
This is corroborated as Herodotus described “Carian“ Turks (a maritime people of the Ægean Sea from the SW coast of modern Turkey), who developed maritime shipping lanes and colonized the Syrian (and modern Lebanese) coast before being gradually pushed inland. “Carian“ appears to be yet another synonym, in yet another language, for "foreign colonists"; this referring to a Turkish (Anatolian) Ægean coastal colony of the Phoenicians (Mycenaean-Greek, not Arab, "Philistines"). This is corroborated by the distinctive Pulossian headdress. Plutarch (46-120 CE) mentions the "Carians" as being referred to by the Persians as "cocks" on account of their wearing (apparently Phoenix dyed feather, or simulated feather) Phoenician Firebird crests on their helmets.
Further, other researchers have also noted that the writings of Herodotus explicitly and repeatedly specify Παλαιστίνη to refer exclusively to the coastal strip—not the interior—of the Eastern Mediterranean; i.e. DërꞋëkh ha-Yãm (The Coastal Road, Seaway) Trade Route; the only area that most major powers, seeking tax income, perpetually fought over. As Herodotus’ passage below explicitly specifies, the continuance of YᵊhūdꞋãh in the interior was never severed—even under foreign rule.
E.g., qq0727 Herodotus’ Histories 4:39 — "…Between Persia and Phoenicia lies a broad and ample tract of country, after which the region I am describing skirts our sea, stretching from Phoenicia along the coast of Palestine-Syria till it comes to Egypt, where it terminates. This entire tract contains but three nations. The whole of Asia west of the country of the Persians is comprised in these two regions." (Book 7): "[The maritime Minoan Lebanese and Syrians of Palestine], according to their own account, dwelt anciently upon [islands of] the Mediterranean Sea, but sailing thenceforth, moored on the seacoast of Syria, where they still inhabit—this [seacoast] part of Syria, and all the [coastal] strip extending from hence to Egypt [i.e., DërꞋëkh ha-Yãm (The Coastal Road, Seaway) Trade Route], which is known by the name of Παλαιστίνη.”
The Pūlossian controlled and colonized a number of major ports and nearby coastlands around the Mediterranean Basin.
Pay it forward! Quote & Cite:
| Yirmeyahu Ben-David. PageName (update). Netzarim Jews Worldwide (Ra'anana, Israel). http://www.netzarim.co.il/Shared/Glossary/cccc.htm (Access date). |
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