|
Updated: 2026.03.13
 |
 cBCE 3000–1150 ᴷH•ãrꞋrian-Kʰa•tᵊ•tūꞋshan (Kit•imꞋ); cBCE 1450 confederated with, then eclipsed by Tzi•yᵊd•ōnꞋi•an-TzūrꞋi•ans, finally eclipsed by Pūlossians Mediterranean Maritime Trade Routes |
KᵊrëꞋtë (Crete, in Linear B) — an island in the eastern Mediterranean, off the coast of Greece, south of Thæra.
As a result, KᵊrëꞋtë is an essential key to understanding the inter-workings of the entire ancient eastern Mediterranean world.
It was the ᴷha•tᵊtū´sha who formed the first communities of hunter-gatherers and settler-farmers in Anatolia (modern Turkey) and built a superculture, leaving Göbekli Tepe as one of their earliest architectural legacies known to date. And Crete is still one of their earliest show-piece colonies—to the extreme that many modern admirers still insist they were a super-race who came to earth in UFOs!!! As their merchant ships plied the Cycladic islands to their SW, they would have learned early of the large island of KᵊrëꞋtë—soon to be their (and later TzūrꞋ as well) maritime jump-off point to Kᵊmët!
In addition to multiple examples of their advanced ancient technologies, the ᴷha•tᵊtū´sha built the first known seaworthy ships capable of plying the Mediterranean Sea (and the knowledge and basic instruments to first overcome overcast nights precluding celestial navigation, to navigate the Mediterranean S to Kᵊmët)—the original "Sea People"!
For the ᴷha•tᵊtū´sha, Crete was of little interest beyond restocking their Kᵊmët-bound merchant (or war) ships for their trans-Mediterranean voyages to Kᵊmët.
KᵊrëꞋtë was an important stop-over island to restock all manner of vegan foods and fresh water. It wasn't long before the ᴷha•tᵊtū´sha brought a starter-herd of pigs to the island to augment the dwarf-deer, so they could more easily restock their ships with meat en route to Kᵊmët and up the Mediterranean coast. Such early dates were previously crazy-guesstimated, causing me to wonder if the introduction of pigs might have happened much earlier, contributing to the extinction of the (Candiacervus) Dwarf Deer—and Dwarf Woolly Mammoths (≈ ≈9 Ka)?
In their circumnavigation of the eastern Mediterranean Basin, the ᴷha•tᵊtū´sha made many lucrative trade stops at ports, which they dominated, and occasionally colonized (to maximize profits) all along the way home.
Living next door to the ᴷha•tᵊtū´sha, the TzūrꞋ found it practical to purchase (and learn from the ᴷha•tᵊtū´sha how to build) their seaworthy ships. As a result, TzūrꞋ, too, was plying the trade routes around the eastern Mediterranean—also including KᵊrëꞋtë in their rounds of the eastern Mediterranean Basin. Perhaps the ᴷha•tᵊtū´sha were less interested it KᵊrëꞋtë than in their merchant marine trade routes (which they apparently extended westward out into the Atlantic, hugging the coast north to the regions of the British Isles.
Given their still-unexplained ability to navigate well out to sea for days at a time, when night skies weren't always clear for celestial navigation, I wonder if, in the British Isles, they mingled with some mariners from Scandinavia—ancestors of the Norse—perhaps learning of their "sunstone" (polarizing Icelandic spar) navigation aid? No one knows the origin or even an approximate date when it was first used for navigation or by whom. (Earliest evidence of probable ocean-going navigation using Icelandic spar ≈4 millennia later—with no explanation how mariners navigated in the interim, just proof that they did).
Whatever the reasons, TzūrꞋ eventually became the dominant colonizers of KᵊrëꞋtë. Kᵊmët lumped these 2 nations of sailors the "Sea Peoples"!
These "Sea Peoples" were neither "Ancient Aliens" nor "Hittites". They were ancient Anatolian Semitic NëꞋshan language speakers, transliterated into MSH: as Tzūr & Tzi•yᵊd•ōnꞋ; exonym Phoenician) as
𐤊𐤕𐤉 ! They called themselves 𒄩𒀜𒌅𒊭.
The popular Latin-based mille-=1,000 (e.g., millennium, pl. millennia) is deprecated in favor of consistency with the Greek-based metric standard: kilo-=1,000; e.g., kiloyearmillennium; kiloyears/millennia ago then becomes Ka.
Some scientific papers confuse the distinction between abbreviations for "years" and "years ago"; both sometimes abbreviated similarly (Ga, Ma & Ka ). Further, some scientific papers tend to confuse readers whether "Ma" is abbreviated for (popular) millennia] or (scientific-metric) megayears. For continuity and clarity, in this paper I will usually express the "a" in these terms as ago.
Human tools have been found on Crete dating back ≈40 millennia! Moreover, it appears that genetics (& geophysics) supports an Anatolian history for Peloponnesia—which is on the Gondwanan/Anatolian side of the Great Suture (see map). Contrary to European Greek-worship, Greeks didn't arrive on Crete until ≈39½ millennia after Anatolians (ᴷha•tᵊtū´sha or their ancestors} had left their primitive tools on Crete!
 LiveSci Ghose (Img Rainer Lesniewski via Getty Images) 2024 00350x200.png "Pangea (labeled)") |
 LiveSci Ghose (Img Rainer Lesniewski via Getty Images) 2024 11920x1080.png "Click to enlarge"){kind=small} Pangaea (Anatolia-to-Greece Drift labeled (Img: Rainer Lesniewski via Getty Images) |
For today's increasingly endangered pragmatic realist, the Ta•na״khꞋ description of ã•dãmꞋ (humankind) and the emergence of khaū•ãhꞋ (womankind) in Gan ÆdꞋën, like the Ta•na״khꞋ accounts of the Flood, the Yᵊtzi•ãhꞋ and many similar "miracles", were accounts that were real and true—to the best of local astrologist/astronomer, proto-scientists & scribes knowledge to that time.
Like legitimate reports today, humans will always face the same constraints of not knowing the next day's science (much less millennia into the future), or consequently better understood evidence and facts. Further, these accounts were relative to a somewhat localized geographic area before the advent of telephones, TV or the internet. News was limited to riding an animal or sailing, walking and foibles of retelling stories.
The loreal core of these religious beliefs is also corroborated in the similar, yet contrasting, sacred accounts of other ancient peoples, with differing loreal traditions. "Fundamentalist" literal interpretations promulgate caveman physicomorphic (or animist) descriptions—and must, therefore, be interpreted not simplistically—and physicomorphically—literal, but rather as lore-based tradition (i.e. beliefs, religion) communicating core principles. It is the principles, not the literal details, that must be guarded and promulgated.
Is DërꞋëkh יְהוָׂה!Reality is DërꞋëkh יְהוָׂה as best ancient knowledge and technology limited the ancient world in understooding it. Avᵊrã•hãmꞋ, Yi•sᵊr•ã•eilꞋ, Mōsh•ëhꞋ, Hi•lælꞋ ha-Za•qænꞋ, ha-Nã•siꞋ, RibꞋi Yᵊho•shuꞋa Bën-Yo•seiphꞋ (and Einstein, for that matter), relied on their most advanced knowledge of their time—not any mystics or clergy of mortals on the planet! No supernatural-oriented clergy or "divinity" degree type anywhere on the planet is even headed in the right direction! Our Omni-scient Creator of our universe is Perfectly Nature-al!!! That's the True definition of Logical and Scientific!!! Consult Dᵊvãr•imꞋ 30.11-14 (& 15-20); Yi•rᵊmᵊyãhꞋū 31.33; 31.26-36 and Yō•ælꞋ 2.23-4.3. Follow the Law of the Omniscient, not any mortal(s)! Become Enlightened, then Enlighten! Become a Bën- or Bat-Ōr ("son or daughter of Light", the only proper definition of a Jew), instead of remaining a Bën- or Bat-KhōꞋshëkh (son or daughter of darkness)!
When one observes gullible humans believing in physicomorphic powers of mystical incenses and aromas, colored lights, sparkly rocks, occult symbols, supernatural chants or mysterious handwavium, it is clear that evolution has also passed along to our day a very large percentage of every race of early Hominids who lack sufficient desire and commitment to develop their nëphꞋësh to relate to their Creator, יְהוָׂה (Existant)!
Until one at least relates to this from a natural (nature-al), scientific, perspective, (s)he grossly misunderstands and perverts the best account that ancient, written-language era proto-scientists were capable of understanding to pass down to us.
Geophysicists & geochemists collaboratively report that later, in the Paleozoic Era as life was evolving on earth, the planet's geography was dramatically different from today and undergoing imperceptibly slow, yet dramatic, continuing change.
Creation Of The Universe — Mortal scientists aside, Science holds that the universe could not go "Poof (nothing inexplicably exploding—Big Bang!—into a universe)! That defies all genuine science! Ergo, the universe was Somehow Created by a Singular Entity. Within ≈0.01–0.1 Ga after Creation, water-bearing materials and vapour were present.
Free-stream photons didn't occur until ≈380,000 years after the "Big Nᵊtiy•ãhꞋ".
I.e. ≈4.4–4.3 Ga later, evidence indicates liquid water was present.
Solar System & Planet Earth Formed
Planet earth forms — mostly molten rock, with surface temperatures on the order of 2000–3000 °C during the magma‑ocean phase. Mathematical modeling based on geophysical constraints estimate that ≈0.01–0.1 Ga after formation, primitive solid crust (lithosphere) began forming as the magma cooled, forming water-bearing materials and vapor. Within the next ~50–100 Ma. earth's crust developed.
Vapor & clouds likely formed during this period, probably producing surface water, which plausibly also became stable on the surface during this period.
Gradually, earth cooled to a thin, moving outer shell (the lithosphere), broken into plates. Where plates pulled apart, magma rose and formed new seafloor for puddling shallow ocean basins—early ≈Baltic-Sea-size proto‑oceans.
Lipids group together in single cells: life, during this period.
Fossil evidence of plants begins ≈3.0 Ga (3000 Ma) with indirect evidence of oxygen-producing photosynthesis in the geological record, in the form of chemical and isotopic signatures in rocks and fossil evidence of colonies of cyanobacteria (photosynthesizing prokaryotic organisms).
≈1.2 Ga, sexual reproduction first appeared in early eukaryotes (e.g., the red alga Bangiomorpha)—predating the divergence of plants and animals!!!
Where earth's plates collided, crust thickened and grew into islands and small continental fragments. Over hundreds of millions of years these processes—seafloor spreading, subduction (ocean floor sinking and melting), and collisions—rearranged and merged many small basins and fragments. Gradually the separate local seas connected as ridges and trenches shifted, producing one continuous, planet‑encircling, Panthalassa Ocean.
The first animals, sponges (Porifera), appeared at about the same time, likely slightly after the formation of the Panthalassa Superocean.
Over the next ≈350 million years a series of micro-continents and island arcs rose from oceanic crust and migrated to assemble the core of Pangaea. By ≈320–260 Ma the major collisions had stitched future Gondwana and future Laurussia (Laurentia+Baltica+Avalonia), along with the intervening terranes, into the lone consolidated landmass—the first Supercontinent: Pangaea, alone in the Panthalassa Superocean!
(Previously, , the sky was likely reddish‑orange due to a methane‑rich, low‑oxygen atmosphere.)
The earliest known land animal, Pneumodesmus newmani, (a millipede‑like myriapod), was the earliest known land animal. However, this myriapod, lacking a vertebrate, did not contribute to the evolution of humankind.
1 Ga (1 gigo/billion years-ago) = 1,000 Ma (1,000 mega/million years-ago) = 1,000,000 Ka (1 million kilo/thousand years ago). Since these are always expressed in the shortest form, it's critical to be able to convert back and forth to keep the timeline straight.
Acanthostega—early tetrapod, four feet, legs (or leglike appendages), the first vertebrate fish to come ashore permanently, becoming the first land animal on the vertebrate line that eventually led to humans.
As existing continents and micro‑continents gradually collided causing plate‑tectonic convergence stitching landmasses into a single Supercontinent on Planet Earth: Pangea!!! Pangea remained the lone landmass on planet earth from creation until ≈240 Ma!
Major collisions assembled the core of Sole Supercontinent: Pangea
 350x170.png "ttt") |
 500x245.png "Click to enlarge"){kind=small} txt |
qqq0311 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biarmosuchia
Biarmosuchians are the most basal group of the therapsids. They were moderately-sized, lightly built carnivores
Both Pangeavestigia & Gondwana:
Currently the most representative group of the Biarmosuchia, the Burnetiamorpha, comprise ten genera: Bullacephalus, Burnetia, Lemurosaurus, Lobalopex, Lophorhinus, Paraburnetia, and Pachydectes from South Africa, Niuksenitia and Proburnetia from Russia, and…
Sidor et al. (2010)[4] recently described a partial skull roof including the dorsal margin of orbits and parietal foramen of an unnamed burnetiid from the upper Permian of Tanzania, and Sidor et al. (2014)[5] noted the presence of a burnetiid in the middle Permian of Zambia. Other Biarmosuchia include Biarmosuchus from Russia, Hipposaurus, Herpetoskylax, Ictidorhinus and Lycaenodon from South Africa, and Wantulignathus from Zambia
qqq0303 Primary ancestral clade at that recombination point: the primate branch of Euarchonta (early euprimates / primatomorphs).
Representative species (fossil exemplar): Purgatorius.
Representative fossil: Purgatorius.
Contemporary animal most people would recognize as similar: squirrel (tree squirrel) — comparable size, arboreal habits, and general appearance (though not closely related).
20260303: Above supercedes earlier:
Early mammaliaforms (e.g., Morganucodon, Hadrocodium) are known from fossil sites on both the southeastern (future Gondwana) and greater northwestern (namely: future Pangeavestige showing that these early mammals were already distributed across the whole landmass before it later split into Gondwana and EurAsia.
These taxa represent the latest branches at the time of the breakup contributing to evolution of primates and humans.
The northern half of Supercontinent Pangea (≈335–175 Ma) is best understood labeled the future Megacontinent of "EurAsia" (modern Europe & Asia or, according into its later components Laurentia, Laurasia and Siberia) while the southern half of Supercontinent Pangea was labeled the future Megacontinent Gondwana (≈180 Ma), which comprised the Americas (north & south), Africa and the Near Middle East, including ancient Anatolia (Turkey), Israel, Lebanon, Syria, Arabia, Crete & Cyprus.
Additionally, An intervening debris, the Terranes Keys formed—the Cimmerian Terranes (keys).
"Help"?Machines do no more than manipulating long strings of zeros or ones (e.g., 64-bit "words"), according to instructions encoded in similar strips of strings of bits containing ground (0VDC) or ones (3-5V DC). The machines have no way of straying from their trainers' instructions processing various inputs. They do no more than perform binary math of human-bounded instructions on human-input, nothing more than binary math; just very fast and very good at computing all possible permutations in moments.
Humans often miss some permutations, and take forever trying. So AI can enormously speed up computations for humans. But AI makes mistakes equally lightning fast—and defends and "sells" those mistakes better than any human can.
Trainers are humans. Without exceptions, every human has have a tendency to believe one set of assertions over another, producing corresponding "believability" weights, skewing data, based on the source of the data. So the data is frequently wrong and the weighting is frequently misplaced, as different trainers make different choices.
Result: machines compute the results from skewed data and rules in record time! While this can save humans enormous time when it's correct, it can mislead humans in record time more effectively than humans can mislead each other! Machines can find answers to jog memory, or to find and document a remembered source. While humans can call on their internal intelligence to branch away from their 'training' when 'regarded correct' source data is logically wrong in reality; or trainer 'regarded correct' rules are wrongly trusted; the subsequent computer answer is GIGO!
AI results are never reliable without double-checking every source used by the machine for errors.
Recent history has been written by arts-degreed historians traditionally from a European, or European-American, perspective. Sooo, "Old World" Italians Vaspucci & Columbus credited with "discovering" the "New World" they (Europeans) named "America" (an exonym).
47.1 Ma (50-35 50) Ma Simians [WERE] split [AS] infraorders Platyrrhini and Catarrhini.
Order/Clade: Primates
Suborder/Clade: Haplorhines (simple-nose; lacking a moist-snout-tip)
Infraorder/Clade: Simiiformes
Parvorder/Clade: Catarrhines (downward-nose, Gondwana/Old World monkeys & apes)
Parvorder/Clade: Platyrrhines (flat-nose, Pangeavestige/New World monkeys)
Gondwanan vs Pangeavestigal haplorhines are separable by clear genomic signals. The strongest markers are lineage‑specific retroposon insertions (SINEs/LINEs) and large chromosome rearrangements/synteny differences. Genome‑scale nuclear data show multiple fixed substitutions and small indels that, together with distinct transposable‑element activity patterns, corroborate the split. Mitochondrial genomes and small SNP panels can identify lineage membership but are weaker alone. Additional supporting differences include shifts in gene‑family copy numbers and different sets of genes under positive selection.
Why is this important, what elevates this above pedantic? Because scientists never saw the confusion that would arise resulting from using the European-centric "New World"/"Old World" designations to describe the evolutionary ancestors of humankind. As a result, analysis of the genetics traces the evolution of humankind during the 'Great Supercontinental Rip' not through the "Old World"/"New World" continents' platyrrhine monkeys, but exclusively through the "New World"/"Old World" continents' catarrhine monkeys! Order needs to be introduced so that this genetic chain is easier for the average reader to follow!
Planet Earth's first enduring land mass was a single supercontinent named Pangea, an enormous island amidst the global ocean of Panthalassa, which covered the rest of the planet. The factual "Old World", then, was Pangea!
As geophysicists have shown, over millions of years Southern Pangea broke away from the original, "Old World" supercontinent of Pangea, to form a "New World" megacontinent—which scientists named Gondwana. Thus, when Gondwana broke away, it was Gondwana that was the "New World"! The left a "Pangeavestige" as the original, "Old World"! Thus, it is far easier to follow the genetic chain from the emergence of life (sponges) to human ancestry at the time of the 'Great Supercontinental Rip' ("New World" Gondwana from "Old World" Pangea, ≈270 Ma), through the 'Great Gondwana-Pangeavestige Megacontinental Crunch' ("New World" Gondwana subducted beneath remainder of "Old World" (Pangeavestige, ≈41.2 Ma)—for a period of ≈228.8 million years of completely separate human-ancestral evolution!
 0350x385.png "Geotect 260Ma Pangeavestige Dardanelles Bosporus Strait Laurussia-Margin (Stampfli)") |
 1200x1320.png "Click to enlarge"){kind=small} In this geophysical/mathematical model of 260 Ma planet earth, by Geophysics Prof. Stampfli (UZurich, CH), A•dãm•ãhꞋ (Israel) was the planet's eastcoast heart, atop Anatolia/Arabia, respectively). The plate's juggernaut was in its early stages of eonic-paced mantle-surfing. Eastern Gondwana/Africa left today's Western Gondwana (South America—extreme left & Atlantic Ocean) in its wake as it crossed the Palæotethys Ocean where Anatolia/Turkey still subducts beneath Greece/Europe. |
A large, south‑eastern chunk of super-continent Gondwanan Pangea broke-off into a break-away "daughter" continental tectonic plate and began "surfing" the planet's mantle away from its "parent", Pangeavestige, at an eonic-pace in which glaciers flicked by in a blurred moment. Soon (in eonic terms), the break-away daughter tectonic continental plate itself broke into parts forming several "granddaughter" continental tectonic plates (today's African, Arabian, ᴷha•tᵊtū´sha and A•dãm•ãhꞋ. (Israel, Lebanon & Syria).
The parent Pangean supercontinent's stub (formerly western Gondwana), where the daughter plate had ripped away, is now South America's eastern, Atlantic seaboard.
The runaway daughter continent, former eastern Gondwana seacoast, had begun its eons‑long, mantle‑surfing tectonic juggernaut, arcing SE then NNE across the Palæotethys Ocean. Eons later, the ᴷha•tᵊtū´sha tectonic plate collided with, and began subducting beneath, Pangeavestigal Greece, connecting today's "Old World" northern hemisphere, via ᴷha•tᵊtū´sha (now Turkey), with the other "runaway" granddaughter tectonic plates, forming today's Turkey, Arabia, the eastern coastlands of the newly forming Mediterranean Sea—today's western coastal Syria, Lebanon & Israel—along with the African tectonic plate (including Sinai and Kᵊmët).
Counter-intuitively, though Pangea is, in fact, the "Old World", it's largest remnants are now known as the "New World"! No less confusing, the "new" break-away daughter and granddaughters, who eventually, tectonically sutured to (still subducting beneath at the Turkey-Greece border and outward in both directions) Old Pangea's northeastern, Pangeavestigal coast (now dominated by Europe & Russia), are called the "Old World"! (In fact, the popular "Old World" is a suturing of the factual New World with Pangeavestige—the subducted-together "Sutured World"!
Bottom line: this is why the Out of Africa earliest human clade is more accurately the Out of Gondwana earliest human clade; and the "European Clade" is more accurately the " Pangeavestigal Clade" of earliest humans.
The subcontinental plates swung in a counter‑clockwise arc—first southeast, then northeast. This rift created 2 new coast at the ripped apart seam: As these rifted-away continental plates surfed the earth's mantle, the newly-formed "Old World" trailed its own new west coast (today’s west coast of Africa, Arabia and Turkey). Increasingly left behind was the newly-formed, east‑facing margin (coast) that later became South America’s Atlantic coastline. The drift occurred over eons, making a glacial interval seem like a fleeting instant.
Early African sub‑structure: click-language Khoi-san & West‑Africans. Deep divergence among African populations. Lineages already exist before contact with Pangeavestigal groups.
First documented overlap of Gondwanan (African) derived H. sapiensancestors with Pangeavestigal hominins (e.g., H. erectus/H. heidelbergensis).
Earliest fully modern cranio‑facial morphology in Africa (Jebel Irhoud, Morocco); later spreads northward.
Small founder group (≈1–2,000) leaves Africa via the Sinai/Levant corridor.
 |
 Post-Suture Pangeavestige Clade: Euarchonta, Order Primates, Fossil Genus Purgatorius |
Remixing via during the latter part of the Divergence
Introgression of ~1–2 % Neanderthal DNA into expanding H. sapiens(first seen in the ~55Ka Ust‑Ishim individual).
Founder effects, local adaptation (e.g., skin‑pigmentation, lactase persistence), continued expansion shape the Pangeavestigal gene pool.
~3–5% Denisovan DNA enters populations moving into East-Pangeavestige and later East-Gondwanan (detected in ~38 k‑old Tianyuan and later East‑Pangeavestige genomes)
Limited gene flow from Pangeavestigal groups back into Gondwanan groups (North‑East Africa) does not substantially alter the overall Gondwanan-African derived majority.
Deep African sub‑structure (Khoisan, West‑African, Out‑of‑Africa founders) accounts for ≈90–93% of the African‑vs‑non‑African genomic difference.
Neanderthal and Denisovan introgression together contribute ≤7% of the non‑Gondwanan-African genome.
Remaining ≈0–3% reflects later Pangeavestigal‑specific drift, selection, and minor back‑migration events.
Thus, human ancestry derives, almost exclusively out of Gondwana, with ≤7% Pangeavestigal genetic contribution. Interestingly, what is today Israel began at the very heart of Gondwana!
From the 1ˢᵗ emergence of life on planet earth (≈3.7 Ga) to the evolution of earliest discovered "human being" (≈2 Ma) is (3.7 Ga minus .009 Ga =) ≈3.691 Ga; the total period of evolution to the emergence of humans.
From the emergence of the earliest life on planet earth, ≈3.7 Ga, to the Pangea 'Great Supercontinental Rip' ≈270 Ma, was 3.6588 Ga/3,658.8 Ma!
The Human Ancestral Line of Evolution split ≈270 Ma when Eastern Gondwana, Pangea (today's Turkey, Eastern Mediterranean Basin & African subcontinent) Rifted as a subcontinent from Western Gondwana, Pangea (today's Americas, Russia, Europe & Pangeavestige). This split imposed the isolation of the Anatolian-African evolutionary line—including human ancestry—from the Pangeavestigal evolutionary line until the 'Great Gondwana-Pangeavestige Megacontinental Crunch' of 41.2 Ma!
Dealing with such an immense span of time, with its consequent changes in measurements (e.g., Ga, Ma, Ka), the enormity of certain segments of evolution
Evolution from the emergence of life (≈3.7 Ga) to the Pangea 'Great Supercontinental Rip' (rifting of the Pangean Supercontinent into 2 megacontinents: Gondwana & Pangeavestige; ≈270 Ma, (≈270 Ma) was ≈3.43 Gigayears.
≈3.673 Ga/≈3,673 Ma/≈3,673,000 Ka. Thus, ≈3.673 Ga ÷ 3.7 Ga yields 99.3% of human evolution completed before the Great Pangea Supercontinental Rip! In other words, since the separation of the Pangean Supercontinent into the 2 (initial, regular) continents (Gondwana & Pangeavestige) in ≈3.673 Ga, causing subsequent divergence in continental-specific evolutionary/genetic variances, until now,is only .7% of human evolution!
When life emerged on planet earth (use Ma).
Gondwana & the Cimmerian Terranes (keys) keys rifted away from Pangea, swinging away from Pangeavestige in a counter‑clockwise swing that first headed southeast and then turned northeast. The rift from Pangea created new Gondwana's own west coast (of present-day Africa, Israel, Lebanon, Syria & Turkey). Simultaneously, this left Pangeavestige with its new east coast (now South America's east coast).
Gondwana & the Cimmerian Terranes (keys) keys then proceeded surfing the planet's mantle arcing eastward CCW to eventually meet, and, ≈41.2 Ma at the Gondwana-Pangeavestige 'Great Gondwana-Pangeavestige Megacontinental Crunch' (below), tectonically "suture" to the what had been Pangea's west coast—now Pangeavestige's east coast—at (Anatolia/Turkey)-to-Greece, Mesopotamia and (suturing to) inland (formerly coastal) east India.
Thus, for 228.8 Ma, the evolution of Gondwanan human ancestors adapted and evolved to an increasingly mild-to-tropical, high-UV clime, while Pangeavestigal human ancestors adapted and evolved to an increasingly colder, low-UV clime. A fortiori, the food, clothing, living conditions, complete environment, living conditions and resulting behavior of these 2 distinct and diverging clades of human ancestors evolved-apart, multiplying the 2 increasingly diverging genetic clades of human ancestors. Inevitably, by the time the first Homo sapiens would evolve, the 2 separate clades of H. sapiens would be distinct.
Ergo, the entire period of separation of human (or human-ancestral) evolution began with the Great Pangea Supercontinental Rip in ≈270 Ma and continued until ≈2 Ma. Thus, the total period of diverging evolution extended from ≈270 Ma to ≈2 Ma, when H. erectus migrated out of Africa!
That totals ≈268 Ma, out of ≈3,700 Ma (≈3.7 Ga) since life began on planet earth! That means that ≈2 Ma, when at least 2 clades of H. erectus are hypothesized to have migrated out of Gondwanan Africa into lower Pangeavestige, renewing the reintegration & rehybridizaton of human clades % (total evolution of H. erectus and Pangeavestigal complement ≈3,700 Ma to ≈2 Ma = 3,698 Ma) — out of the ≈3,700 Ma since life, and evolving, began!
So by the time of the Great Pangea Supercontinental Rip divergence of human evolution, humankind was (3698 Ma of 3700 Ma =) 99.95% complete. Quibbling about H. erectus or even earlier, is artificial, "modern-man" attempting to elevate themselves above "animals". As long as we have to breath, eat, drink & poo, we're animals too; not so different! Deal with it! And quibbling over the amount of melanin present in skin is even farther to the extreme, post-2 Ma (Out of Africa) = .04% of human evolutionary differences)—which manifests a downward spike of intelligence beneath "lower" animals ("even" monkeys & squirrels beat humans in some mental challenges)! If you're really human, have respect for the Creator's creatures and works—which are Aets Hypotypes, implying some of Aets Attributes: לֹא מִשְׁתַּנֶּה, אֶמֶת and צֶ֣דֶק. Taken together, these mean that you're not, nor am I, special! Yet, clergies and their religions kill and die to "prove" they're "chosen". What they prove is that they are neither אֶמֶת nor צֶ֣דֶק!
Small, squirrel‑like euarchontan/plesiadapiform relatives (Pangeavestigal) dispersed into Africa via intermittent land/stepping‑stone routes mainly between ≈66–34 Ma (peaks ≈60–40 Ma). Those immigrant placental/primates established in Africa and, over tens of millions of years, gave rise to African primates and ultimately the hominin lineage.
92.9% of human evolution (and all other) evolution occurred even before the Gondwana-Pangeavestige 'Great Gondwana-Pangeavestige Megacontinental Crunch' (≈.270 Ga, i.e. 270 Ma)!!!
By the time of the 'Great Supercontinental Rip', life had evolved and spread from the sponges throughout the Panthalassic Superocean and both sub-continents of Pangea. At the time of the 'Great Supercontinental Rip' (270 Ma), only very early forms of mammals that would contribute to the continuing evolution of humankind had evolved qqq—that culminated in many species of pre-Gondwana-Pangeavestige 'Great Gondwana-Pangeavestige Megacontinental Crunch' Homo Sapiens. Scientists note this contrast between earliest Gondwanan (popularly African) vs Pangeavestigal Homo Sapiens.
& Gondwana Continents)Scientists estimate that the "Nᵊti•yãhꞋ ha-Gᵊdōl•ãhꞋ" gave birth to the universe ≈13.787 Ga ± 0.020 Ga/≈13,787 Ma ± 20 Ma/≈13,787,000 Ka ± 20,000 Ka. However, planet earth wasn't formed until 9.287 gigayears later; i.e. ≈4.5 Ga.
Scientists demonstrate that "just a handful of 'forgotten' biochemical reactions are needed to transform simple geochemical compounds into the complex molecules of life… our research yielded an important piece of evidence: only eight new reactions, all reminiscent of common biochemical reactions, are needed to bridge geochemistry and biochemistry".
"Scientists think that by ≈4.3 Ga/≈4,300 Ma/≈4,300,000 Ka, Gondwana & Pangeavestige, Pangea may have developed conditions suitable to support life. The oldest known fossils, however, are only 3.7 gigayears old. During that 600 megayears window, life may have emerged repeatedly, only to be [sometimes only partially & selectively] snuffed out by catastrophic collisions with asteroids and comets." When scientists concede that life itself may have "emerged repeatedly", at different times and in different locations of Pangea, then it seems impossible to hold that all humans could only have emerged from one particular mating, at one instant in several megayears, in one location. This implies that more than one line of evolution likely led to parallel, yet separate and distinct, lines of simian species, each of which were equally likely to produce eventual human species: at least one set of pre-human ancestors in Gondwana (e.g., Africa, Middle-East & Anatolia )—entirely separated from the Pangeavestigal set of pre-human ancestors by ≈4,200 km (≈2,600 mi) of open Tetrys Ocean; geographically separate and differentiated from the set of pre-human ancestors in Pangeavestige & Greece, that led to Pangeavestigal humans, e.g., [Pangeavestigal]-Neanderthals).
Because arts-degreed archaeologists & anthropologists just aren't capable of doing legitimate science, collaboration with geophysicists, geochemists and the other hard sciences has been lacking until very recently. Arts-degrees do not pretend to provide science-education, leaving their graduates unable to even grasp the sciences involved when scientists try to explain to them. So scientists are now fixing long-held arts-degreed errors. Anthropologists and most archaeologists still seem to resist even the corrections of geophysicists and geochemists and other scientists. They remain in denial of the time constraints imposed by continental plate tectonics & intercontinental drift across the planet that formed today's Middle East after of gigayears of ancient Anatolia (modern Turkey) being on the opposite side of the planet from Greece—despite the ≈4,200 km (≈2,600 mi) separation of open Tetrys Ocean during the first 93% of our evolutionary history! The last sliver of that time was particularly significant because it was during this time that the immediate ancestors of earliest humans, the Haplorrhines ("simple-nosed"), evolved—in each of the entirely still ocean-separated continents!!!
Researchers of genetics and biologists examining the evolution of pre-Neolitic Homo Sapiens and civilizations haven't been cross-talking enough with professors of geotechtonics, geodynamics and other scientists; while, until the very recent advent of PhD's in Archaeology Science (and perhaps History Science), arts-degreed historians and explorer-archaeologists, with few exceptions, were educationally unprepared to work in the staples of day-to-day scientific methodology. Yet, the periods under recent study increasingly depend upon data from the time our earliest ancestors: the emergence of the primate clade (euarchontoglire)—≈88–100 Ma! During the interim the surface of the earth has passed through major geological, planet-wide mutations that allow only a select few geoscientists to show how . Yet, these great changes in the face of our planet haven't been examined in studying the origins of civilizations.
Practically the entire world still labors under the woefully ignorant assumption that Turkey has always been part of ancient Europe, a neighbor of Greece; with mutual overland terrestrial access to either country from the other. Recent science (especially recent geophysical and geochemical work in plate tectonics) has demonstrated that the geophysical evidence implies at least 2 parallel, yet separate and distinct, continental platforms, each supporting parallel, yet separate and distinct evolutionary lines of human ancestral evolution, which led to at least 2 distinct speciations of the simian ancestors of all humans.
"The origin of the hominines is among the most hotly debated topics in paleoanthropology. The traditional view, ever since Darwin, holds that hominines and hominins supposedly originate in Africa, where the earliest hominins are found and where all currently recognized extant non-human hominines (supposedly) live.
Geophysicists and geochemists generally cite Douwe et al., who demonstrated that the bulk of origins of life on earth and the evolutionary process spanning from ≈3.7 Ga/≈3,700 Ma/≈3,700,000 Ka to ≈0.27 Ga/≈270 Ma/≈270,000 Ka, producing the earliest autochthonous humans on ancient Anatolia, Crete & Africa, originated on opposite sides of the equator, separated from Greece & Europe by ≈4,200 km (≈2,600 mi) of open Tetrys Ocean! These two parallel evolutionary lines remained separate until the two parallel, separate and distinct lines of newly evolved simians could finally meet each other following the "Great Gondwana-Pangeavestige Crunch" of ≈41.2 Ma. This approximately 230 megayears of initial separation certainly embedded hard evolutionary variations on separate parallel evolutionary tracks, compared to the proportionately mere 32 megayears of possible inter-mating, that led to the varied and contrasting nascent humans from each continent ≈9 Ma.
More recently a European origin has been proposed, based on the phylogenetic analysis of late Miocene apes from Europe and Central Anatolia. The fossils described here attest to a lengthy history of hominines in Europe, with multiple taxa in the eastern Mediterranean known for at least 2.3 Ma,"
|
| Crete-Turkey-Greece 260 Ma (graphic: Prof. Gérard Stampfli, Professeur Honoraire, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Lausanne, Switzerland) |
Scientists (not to mention literalist-fundamentalist physicomorphist "Biblical" religionists) are openly conflicted, on the one hand arguing that there may be countless instances of spontaneous life on other planets in other solar systems in our own galaxy, far more in other galaxies. Yet, "Biblicists" (literalist physicomorphists) and some scientists also argue that there could be only one instance of the emergence of Homo Sapiens on planet earth—despite Homo Sapiens sharing the enormous head-start of life and diversity of evolved life on earth.
My research focuses on where evolution originated in two countries now conjoined, ancient Anatolia (modern western Turkey & Crete) arrived from opposite ends of earth's last supercontinent, Pangea, which amalgamated from earlier continental plates within the last 2 billion years. Pangea is where life first emerged, began to evolve and spread across the early planet "Before Pangaea began to disintegrate, what we know today as Nova Scotia was attached to what seems like an unlikely neighbour: Morocco. Newfoundland was attached to Ireland and Portugal.
"About 250 million years ago, Pangaea was still stitched together, yet to be ripped apart by the geological forces that shaped the continents as we know them today.
"For many years, geologists have pondered how all the pieces originally fit together, why they came apart the way they did and how they ended up spread across the globe."
 Permian-Triassic Pangea (Zhu ) Edited to show origins of Anatolia (Turkey), Crete, Lebanon, Cyprus & Israel vs Greece |
While Gondwanan western Turkey & Crete (on the Pangeavestigal continental plate) and Greece (on the European continental plate) are now conjoined sharing land borders (the former subducting under the latter), recent findings of geophysicists teamed with geochemists indicate that these two originated from opposite sides of the planet during the initial 4 billion years of evolution!
Further, as Koppes mentioned above, "life may have emerged repeatedly". If life itself is scientifically accepted as plausible, then certainly parallel, yet separate and distinct, emergences of Homo Sapiens is vastly more likely than new emergences of life itself! Consequently, the evolution of human ancestors on the Gondwanan continent most likely evolved and developed in parallel, yet separate and distinct, from the Pangeavestigal Continent at the opposite side of the planet, with a huge oceanic separation between them for almost the entire period of evolution before Anatolia & Crete finally moved into the neighborhood of Greece & Europe! Ergo, human ancestors of "Out-of-Anatolia" humans (Crete & the African continent trailed along behind in their transoceanic drift train).
In Pangean Gondwana and Pangeavestige were located on opposite sides of the planet, separated by the single vast Panthalassic Superocean.
Understanding Ta•na״khꞋ-era Mediterranean Basin peoples, civilizations and seafaring depends upon properly identifying the autochthonous KᵊrëꞋtëns and their original relationships with neighboring lands—which geophysicists regard as the most astounding, complex and difficult to understand on the planet.
These factors defined the peoples around the ancient Mediterranean Basin coastlines, their evolution, and determined the development of their respective civilizations. If I can even open this Pandora's Box—the evolution of the physical planet paralleled against the evolution of humans—a little more than it is, perhaps it will reveal new perspectives that are logical (science-compatible; i.e. compatible with the Omni-scient Creator of Ta•na״khꞋ) to further explore and refine.
Post-Rift: Gondwanan Ancestors Of All Humankind 600x325.png "ttt") |
| Haptodus baylei Most recent human ancestor prior to the 'Great Pangean Supercontinental Rift' for the next ≈288.8 million years. This geographical cross-migratory blockage caused the separation of mammalian ancestors, resulting in the divergence of genetic evolution into 2 separate & distinct lines of Primates: Haplorrhini (≈63 Ma) & (33 Million years later ≈30 Ma) Catarrhini. (sketch prehistoric-wildlife.com) |
Haptodus baylei (≈296–289 Ma) Among named, well‑known pelycosaur‑grade taxa Haptodus baylei is the species appearing to be evolving teeth better suited to a predator than to an herbivore. Often cited as the nearest well‑known pre‑270 Ma taxon to all mammals, it represents the best pre-270 Ma ancestor to humankind.
Some more recent (but still ≈272-266 Ma) fragmentary fossils show incipient therapsid features (e.g., temporal region changes, jaw musculature indicators). However, these fragments haven't justified assignment to any single, well-known species. Consequently, no single named taxon predominates.
10 Megayears earlier, the ancestral line leading to humans had already been determined—the Therapsids! were destined, and isolated by the Great Pangea Supercontinental Rip from cousin Pangeavestigal lines, to become the earliest pro-simians (e.g., lemurs). The line leading to humans emerged exclusively in African Continent while drifting across the Palæotethys Ocean—totally isolated from similar, but slightly different cousin clades on the Pangeavestigal Continent! The African & Pangeavestigal lines remained totally isolated from each other until the line leading to humans had become clearly established—only in the geophysical African-Anatolian-Eastern Mediterranean Basin Continent!
≈003.7 Ga (≈3,700 Ma)—Emergence(s) of 1ˢᵗ life (likely multiple geographically dispersed) on planet earth.
≈000.280 Ga (≈280 Ma—Therapsids (proto-mammals, with limbs beneath the body)
— 'Great Pangean Supercontinental Rift'≈000.270 Ga (≈270 Ma)—Great Pangea Supercontinental Rip: Pangean Future Africa+ (Anatolia/Turkey, Crete, Cyprus, Mediterranean East Basin Coastlands, Arabia & Africa) rips away from Pangean South America and begins its Transoceanic Drift across the Palæotethys Ocean (now the Atlantic Ocean & Mediterranean Sea).
Pre-Humans evolved completely isolated from Pangeavestige for the first 228.8 Million Years! From the Great Pangea Supercontinental Rip (≈270 Ma) to the "Big Crunch" of the Anatolian (geophysical) Suture (≈41.2 Ma), the entire human ancestral line in the (Anatolian-)African Continent remained isolated from Pangeavestige!
This marked the end of the dinasaur era. "Survival of the newest: the mammals that survive mass extinctions aren’t as 'boring' as scientists thought".
— Cradle Before Civilization earthsciences-hju-hk 20241109 0350x225.png "Continents 50 Ma") |
 earthsciences-hju-hk 20241109 2500x1600.png "Click to enlarge"){kind=small} Planet Earth only 9 Megayears of pre-hominid evolution before when the "Cradle of Civilization" first came in contact with Pangeavestige (at the "Great Gondwana-Pangeavestige Crunch") & 41 Ma before Earliest Homo Sapiens. |
At this point, Yi•sᵊr•ã•eil´ (IS), Tzur & Syria (TzSy), Anatolia (A) & Mesopotamia (M), together the "Cradle of Civilization" (back in Gondwana, Yi•sᵊr•ã•eil´ was at the heart, the center). These were all located on the Arabian tectonic plate. But they had long been sunken underwater—for millions of years far detached, under the sea, from Pangeavestige. It appears that these didn't surface until the Great Gondwana-Pangeavestige Megacontinental Crunch, ≈44Ma, not long, in these time periods, before the earliest humans.
Gondwanan Africa"The [period from 56-48 Ma] is characterized by high CO₂ estimates (1,200–2,500 ppmv) and elevated global temperatures (∼10°C–16°C higher than modern)… climate models in the Deep-time Model Intercomparison Project (DeepMIP)… results suggest that changes to the land sea mask (relative to modern) in the models may be responsible for the simulated increases in precipitation to the north of Eocene Africa. There is an increase in precipitation over equatorial and West Africa and associated drying over northern Africa as CO² rises."
 0350x385.png "58-40 Ma Eocene Africa (Williams 2022)") |
 1441x1584.png "Click to enlarge"){kind=small} 58-40 Ma Eocene Africa. Main boundary conditions changed in DeepMIP simulations, where top row = PI and bottom row = early Eocene: (b) topography/bathymetry and (c) vegetation expressed as megabiomes where 1 = tropical, 2 = warm-temperate, 3 = temperate, 4 = boreal, 5 = savanna, 6 = grassland and 7 = desert. |
The DeepMIP model (col. b) depicts the waters separating the African continent from the subtropical Cimmerian Terranes Keys ≈0.058 Ga/≈58 Ma/≈58,000 Ka — ≈0.040 Ga/≈40 Ma/≈40,000 Ka. A couple of points from the European continent toward which they've been drifting for eons appears at the extreme top center and right. It appears clear from the relative water depths to the north vs south of the subtropical Cimmerian Terranes Keys (being deeper behind its drift than its destination) rotation around a pivot point roughly equating to today's Gibralter & Maghreb—clearly >40 megaannia (pre-human) earlier than dated by Broodbank (≈BCE 4k–1k); and subduction beneath the European continent beneath what is now the Mediterranean Sea, had already begun.
This indicates a further complication in human evolution: triple (rather than merely double) ancestral parallel lines from both Gondwanan & Pangeavestige at a time when both sets of simians neighbored each other near the Pangean equator (and all simians dispersed and speciated throughout Pangea to the extent they were able to adapt to the various climates)—more parallel lines of simian ancestors of the first humans, separated by the Great Pangea Supercontinental Rip in pre-human times.
Moreover, the Maghreb-Gibralter pivot point also likely represents the Post-Crunch (≈41.2 Ma) earliest encounters between Pangean and Pangeavestigal human-ancestral simians, which indicates an even more complex ancestral system, beyond 2 separate parallel lines, from simians to earliest humans. This erases the troubled enigma of how early humans populated landmasses both north & south of the Mediterranean before humans had seaworthy ships. Humans simply evolved on, and were always indigenous to, lands both north & south of the Mediterranean!
The, mainly religious, belief that all humans evolved from one pairing of 1ˢᵗ humans is contradicted by all of the facts. A fortiori, the paltry evidence touted by its advocates has always been massaged by superficial religious axe-wielders of those who knew that the Biblical story is like their notion of god: simplistic and uncomplicated.
New scientific research corroborating my research is being published almost weekly, faster than I can adjust proper chronological sequencing of the numerous effects on the respective cultures, empires and economies (with their respective web pages and a cascading effect on related web pages). Consequently, web page "construction sites" indicating my analysis is on the right track continue to multiply faster than I can incorporate and edit the information.
This ever-mounting evidence suggests that "cousin" ancestor-mammals of the isolated subtropical Cimmerian Terranes Keys would be likely to evolve into "cousin" Hominids on the subtropical Cimmerian Terranes Keys. Moreover, the subtropical Cimmerian Terranes Hominids would likely show a "2nd cousin" relation to the South American Hominids, and be genetically less like distant Hominids from the European continent. This effect would be expected to result in a genetic distinction in earliest peoples of related Pelopónnese, Cretans and Anatolians from Greeks and other peoples of European origin.
This distinction could also be significantly bolstered by the proximity and interactions (developing a distinct pre-culture and pre-civilization) among the mammalian inhabitants indigenous to the subtropical Cimmerian Terranes Keys at the time of the rift from South America vs that of European (including later Greek) mammals.
It would be expected that bands of various mammals might bridge the earliest, smallest, channel opening between them to continue efforts to migrate to seasonally fluctuating feeding areas, and interact with their separated cousin mammalian bands. It's not at all clear how, or how long, these "cousin" mammals may have learned to adapt to the lengthening expanse of water separating them. Particularly the mammals of the subtropical Cimmerian Terranes Keys would have been much better able to navigate the smaller expanses of water within their travel-companion islands. This may have encouraged earlier development of seagoing craft than either the continent they left behind or the one they would one day join—perhaps significantly further advanced in maritime technology relative to continental landlubbers.
 350x250.png "Anatolia geological zones (Moix)") |
 890x635.png "Click to enlarge"){kind=small} Gondwanan Anatolia geological zones (Moix), including East Anatolian Fault Zone with Pangeavestige (EurekAlert 2023.06.29) |
By the time their homeland islands approached Europe 200 Ma later, this would begin to manifest, ≈30 Ma, in a Homo Sapiens head-start toward a superior naval technology and trade superiority (in contrast to landlocked Europe) followed by economic wealth, a more advanced civilization and political power. Because of its larger and superior land resources, the Anatolian island would have been clearly in the lead. And this is what we find in the earliest Mediterranean Anatolian-Peloponnesian-Cretan (Moix's diagram) maritime confederacy. This is the superior civilization of Anatolia, Pelopónnese and Knossos, Crete and the Mediterranean "Sea Peoples" cited by the Egyptians.
Further, the Stampfli graphics demonstrate that Gondwanan hã-A•dãm•ãhꞋ (modern Israel), at the heart of Pangea, made the transoceanic "Drift" journey along with the subtropical Cimmerian Terranes Keys and the African continent (including Egypt). It shouldn't be surprising, then, that the attached Tzi•yᵊd•ōnꞋi•an-TzūrꞋi•ans (exonym: Phoenicians) on the north were also accomplished seafarers; or that Egypt had a very ancient civilization and some of the oldest human remains are found in Africa. I'd expect parallel discoveries eventually to be found in South America and, more distantly related, in Europe.
Today's geophysicist and climatologist scientists piece together mathematical models of how our planet got the way it is today since the moon smashed into earth. The journey of (proto-) Crete through this maze seems to put the exclamation on this point. During the entirety of the "recent" (≈50-100 Ma) journey of the subtropical Cimmerian Terranes Keys (including Crete, Pelopónnisos, A•dãm•ãhꞋ and Africa-Arabia Anatolia) through these epochal continental crashes indicates that these islands, including Crete & Anatolia) were "next-door" land neighbors, eventually separated by rising water levels, from the earliest times, When the inevitable crash with Pangeavestige occurred, Pelopónnisos, not far from Crete, smashed straight into proto-Greece, where it is today!
It is these, or similar, conditions, not modern colonization from some relatively only recently (≈50 Ma) accessible mainland, that determined the identity of original autochthonous Homo Sapiens on Crete! And this implies that Cretans were pre-human cousins of Pelopónnisons, Semites, Anatolians and Africans—not Pangeavestigal Greeks! The highly advanced civilization and culture of Cretans, claimed by the Classic Greeks (because they could), was cousin of Anatolian civilization and culture. Their shared natural origins was complemented by their physical proximity for eons, sharing their emerging civilization and culture, eons before meeting the first Pangeavestigal (Greek).
 |
 Pre-"Great Gondwana-Pangeavestige Crunch" evolutionary ancestor of Hominoidea (earliest humans); suborder of high primates containing the tarsiers and the simians (Simiiformes or anthropoids); as sister of the Strepsirrhini ("moist-nosed"). |
Catarrhines—("Downward-nosed") aka Cercopithecoidea Cercopithecidæ ("long-tailed apes"), from Africa+ (originally of Gondwana, Pangea). Erroneously, "Old World monkeys"; based on scientific consensus that they "descended from African simians", leading to the following the impossibility: "that colonized South America".
"The [Cercopithecidæ] proboscis monkey is the most aquatic of all primates." Still, the limit of a proboscis monkey is the width of relatively tranquil rivers and "reports of a troop of monkeys seen swimming nearly more than 4 miles in the search of shelter and food during the flood."
In the bad weather periodically encountered in any transoceanic voyage across an open sea, however, a single best monkey swimmer, even during tranquil conditions, might last, at most, ≈10 kilometers before drowning. In the near certainty of particularly violent seas and currents as the "Great Gondwana-Pangeavestige Crunch" approached within sight, in addition to periodic storms, there would have been no chance of survival until the two dry continents closed to within near dry land to dry land jumping distance for monkeys.
Moreover, it seems likely that the last stretch of river separating the two continents may have closed in minutes due to the likelihood of an earthquake caused by the subduction. This seems to make it more likely that these Haplorrhini Primate immediate ancestors of earliest humans from Gondwana and Pangeavestige were unable, at all, to intermate prior to the actual Great Gondwana-Pangeavestige Crunch.
 170x200.png "monkeys New vs Old World (Animal Spot), edited") |
 855x1024.png "Click to enlarge"){kind=small} Pangeavestige vs Africa+ |
Platyrrhines—("Flat-nosed"), qqq from Pangeavestige (originally of Gondwana, Pangea). Erroneously, "New World monkeys"; based on the following scientific impossibility: "migration to South America from Afro-Arabia (the Old World), likely by ocean".
There are genetic differences between earliest humans descended from the post-Gondwanan vs post-Pangeavestige continental plates! While the same human ancestors began their Continental Surfing across the planet, as their respective climates and resulting environments varied increasingly, so did their respective genetic evolutionary tracks during their eons of Continental Surfing across the planet—until their respective continental plates collided at the Big Crunch. These 2 groups continued to evolve along different tracks until the "Out of Gondwana-Africa" migrations north began to cross the Suture Line of the 2 plates into Pangeavestige. Only then did hybridization of the Gondwanan/African & Pangeavestige lines begin.
 |
 Evolution, from the "Great Gondwana-Pangeavestige Megacontinental Crunch" ≈41.2 Ma (Edited img © 2024.09.11, Paqid Yirmeyahu Ben-David, The Nᵊtzarim, Ra'anana, Israel; https://www.netzarim.co.il) |
Bottom line: current fossil evidence does not show a direct, empirically documented chain taking Purgatorius (or closely related plesiadapiforms) from North America into Africa. Any scenario invoking them as the essential direct ancestor of African hominins requires one or more unproven dispersal steps; plausible alternatives involve different primate lineages with Pangeavestige→Gondwanan-Africa exchanges.
Gondwanan-African hominins and Pangeavestige Neandertals evolved as separate lineages with no explainable admixture before modern humans left Africa. Neandertal genes entered non‑African modern humans only after Out‑of‑Africa migrations.
All arguments to the contrary fail when subjected to realistic parameters that demonstrate impossibility.
Only demonstrable alternative is that, due to the Pangean Rift to the Gondwana-Pangeavestige Crunch, PanAmEurAsiaAussian, Gondwanan Out-of-Africa humankind descended from 63 Ma Haplorrhini (-nosed) primates, while PanAmAusEurAsian Neanderthals descended from 40 Ma Catarrhini (-nosed) primates!
To date (2024.12.14), geneticists can only see back 50.5 Ka! "We found strong support for a single extended period of [EurAsian-ancestry human] Neanderthal gene flow into the common ancestors of all non-["Cradle of Civilization" Gondwanan-ancestry humans] that occurred between 50,500 and 43,500 years ago. These dates provide a lower bound for the timing of the [Gondwanan-ancestry humans] migration and settlement of regions outside [the "Cradle of Civilization"]. The majority of natural selection—positive and negative—on [EurAsian-ancestry human] Neanderthal ancestry happened very quickly after the gene flow and left clear signals in the genetic diversity of the earliest modern humans outside [Gondwanan-ancestry "Cradle of Civilization"]."
Evolution between the first ever evolutionary connection between Gondwana-Catarrhine monkeys that evolved into earliest Gondwana-origin humans vs EurAsian-origin Platyrrhine monkeys that evolved into earliest EurAsian-origin pre-human xHaplorrhini dates back to the Great Gondwana-Pangeavestige Megacontinental Crunch–≈41.2 Ma!
Despite their own findings, today's genetic scientists still coddle the interim 41+ million-year period—in which the evolution from 2 distinct and disparate sets of monkeys to 2 still-distinct and still-disparate sets of first humans—as an irrelevant "black box"!
While, geneticists argue for a non-existent "bottleneck" to explain their contradictions, that balloon has popped! I wonder if the "Big Crunch" explains the enigma? In any case, I'm interested in a scientific resolution (if and when they find it). That work is theirs; a collateral scientific input not the focus of my research. But their "solution" cannot cross the Tethys Sea!
Assuming that the two distinct and disparate sets of monkeys somehow evolved to a single set of humans that, inexplicably are 2 distinct groups of humans inexplicably geographically disparate following the geological suture line between the Gondwanan-Pangeavestige "Crunch" line is most UNscientific!!!
The continental-clade genetic differences above, apparently reflected in their respective continental-clade earliest human ancestors, don't seem to be chronologically explicable by any reasonable post-Crunch, bi-continent (Gondwanan-Pangeavestigal) cross-mating scenario. This is corroborated by other scientists: "According to Begun and Harrison, the Catarrhini split from their New World monkey kin [post-Crunch] about 44–40 [Ma], with the first Catarrhines appearing in Africa and Arabia [both Gondwanan Clade], and not appearing in Pangeavestige (i.e., outside the Gondwanan Clade) until 18-17 [Ma]!
Bi-continental cross-mating among Haplorrhines is also unlikely given the tendency among Haplorrhines—whether Catarrhines or Platyrrhines—to avoid even their own species outside of their clan. Rival bands of Haplorrhines still today don't intermingle much beyond their own—rival warring—clans, much less interbreed with other, never seen-before, opposite-continent families of Haplorrhines. This suggests inter-mating with other species from opposite continents even more unlikely.
Thus, the earliest bi-continental cross-mating seems to have occurred neither before, nor among the Haplorrhines, but by more inquisitive, and sexually curious and active, earliest humans. Even among earliest humans, geneticists have found that a gap of almost the entire 9 Ma separated the emergence of earliest humans from their ability to reproduce other humans! Khaū•ãh´ (Mitochondrial "Eve") lived a mere 200 Ka, while her male prodigy was either unable to reproduce or there were no male prodigy and she (and her female descendants had to continue mating with pre-human males until the right genetic match happened. Õ´dãmꞋ, by contrast, wasn't born until 140 kiloannia later—which is very difficult to explain otherwise!
Neither is it clear precisely when inter-mating between Gondwanan "Cradle" Clade earliest humans and Pangeavestige Clade earliest humans began. Taken together, this persuasively suggests 2 separate direct evolutions; each from a separate continent: a Gondwanan-evolved set of earliest humans vs a Pangeavestige-evolved set of earliest humans.
This means that the earliest humans, being evolutionarily descended from the Haplorrhines, emerged from 2 distinct and roughly parallel clades: either Gondwanan or Pangeavestigal. This seems to best map to all of the latest science.
"Great Gondwana-Pangeavestige Crunch": Creation Of The Middle-East 0350x200.png "Anatolian Fault Lines") |
 1200x710.png "Click to enlarge"){kind=small} NE Mediterranean & Anatolian (Western Turkey) Geological Zones & Fault Lines (Pic credit: Donna Whitney, UMinn) |
Like ice cubes floating in a pool, geographic plates of the earth's crust float on the surface of our planet. And they drift, imperceptibly slow. Whatever tectonic plate you live, have lived or will live on, you have been drifting on that plate your entire time there—as has all life from its beginning.
Long before a large chunk of Gondwana—including ancient Anatolia (modern Turkey), the Middle East (including Yi•sᵊr•ã•eilꞋ and the entire east Coast of the modern East Mediterranean Basin) along with the entire African continental plate—rifted from the supercontinent of Pangea and, over some 228.8 megayears of tectonic transoceanic drifting across the Palæotethys (now the Atlantic & Mediterranean) Sea until it finally merged in a "Great Gondwana-Pangeavestige Crunch" of the two tectonic plates and began subducting under Pangeavestigal Greece & Southern Europe!
There is a considerable time lag from the earliest Gondwanan-African human ancestor to the earliest Pangeavestigal-Neanderthal human ancestor. A fortiori, anatomical differences between the earliest Gondwanan-African human vs the earliest [Pangeavestigal] Neanderthal are clearly demarcated—genetically and geographically!
To EurAsian GreeceWhen our earliest ancestor primate clades (Pangean vs Pangeavestigal) emerged, the African supercontinental plate of Pangea, Gondwana rifted from the South American supercontinental plate, pushing ahead of it the subtropical Cimmerian Terranes (comprising, inter alia, Israel, Crete & Turkey). Together, these plates drifted northeastward counterclockwise until, finally, forming what is today the Dardanelles abutting (where it now continues to subduct beneath) southern Europe including—wait for it—what, still later, became Greece! (The abrading of these great supercontinental plates likely triggered the Great Flooding of the Black Sea.) Thus, Hellenists who argue that Crete was first colonized and civilized by Greeks rather than Anatolians (Turks), whatever their scholarly creds, are simply ignorant! The primate ancestors of today's African, Israeli, Arabian and Turkish Homo Sapiens "grew up together", evolving into Homo Sapiens autochthonously and continuously, in Pangea; while, until as recently as ≈BCE 1400/≈0.0014 Ga/≈0.0014 Ma/≈1.4 Ka, no Greeks existed even in !!! Until cBCE 1400, ancestors of Europeans and future Greeks lived in European Hunic-terranes on the then-far-side of the planet from today's Crete and Turkey; separated by the Great Neotethys (Proto-Atlantic) Ocean!!!
As this supercontinental drift began to infinitesimally separate Crete from Turkey, the related autochthonous primates evolved into the related autochthonous Homo Sapiens of both Crete and Turkey—with their shared embryonic culture, civilization and awareness of each other and their increasingly distant locations—separated by the Mediterranean. The first human to self-identify as Greek, by contrast, wouldn't come into existence until megayears later, by which time the Turks (Anatolians) had developed the most technologically advanced supercivilization on earth—along with developing the ships, at first just a raft over a a channel (which would grow into the Atlantic Ocean), to stay in contact with each other as the distance between them infinitesimally increased over megayears!
Still, that leaves a huge pre-writing gap of ≈32.2 megaannus prior to the petroglyphs, a very long period about which we know very little concerning the earliest , and an even larger gap back to the perhaps Subfamily Homininae (pre-humans)—while these petroglyphs writers of KᵊrëꞋtë left their imprint <1 Ma (<1 megayears ago)—a mere drop in a shot glass ago after the !
≈0.022 Ga/≈22 Ma/≈22,000 Ka — Homo & Hominoidea (Apes & Lesser Apes)
 |
 Science Alert: "Young Gorillas Have Learnt to Dismantle Poachers' Traps in The Wild". (photo: Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund) |
≈0.014 Ga/≈14 Ma/≈14,000 Ka Hominidæ (1ˢᵗ humans, great apes, chimpanzees, gorillas & orangutans—the hominids—followed by Homininæ (≈13 Ma), Hominini (≈10 Ma) & Hominina, the hominins (≈8 Ma)
Importantly, while gorillas, dating back ≈0.011 Ga/≈11 Ma/≈11,000 Ka in (formerly Gondwana) Africa aren't considered the closest genetic relatives of humans, their similarities to us are undeniable. Now, we're learning that, just as scientists have found monkeys are mentally superior to humans in some memory and learning tests, upon closer observation gorillas are also surprising us. As a trackers in Rwanda's Volcanoes National Park, on a routine daily inspection of the park for poachers' snares, investigated an area where a juvenile Gorilla beringei beringei had been killed in a snare days before, he was suddenly warned to come no closer by a dominant male gorilla. "Suddenly two juvenile gorillas … both about four years old — ran toward the snare. As the tracker and a few tourists watched, the juvenile male gorilla jumped on the bent bamboo branch and broke it, while the juvenile female freed the noose." The two gorillas then reportedly found another snare, and with the help of another juvenile gorilla, managed to dismantle that one too.
We've learned that other animals, from orcas & dolphins to African Gray Parrot, ravens & crows, dogs & horses occasionally demonstrate abilities that astonish us. We like to think we are not animals; that we are distinct and apart. Truth is, not so much as we deceive ourselves to believe. Deliberately and intentionally insisting that it is "unethical" to teach the animals to find and dismantle snares and traps because these less-intelligent cousins must remain "natural" is what is unethical. Some scientists are completely twisted in their "ethics". Long overdue to wake up—not be brainlessly "woke"!
≈0.000800 Ga/≈0.800 Ma/≈800 Ka? Or ≈0.000400 Ga/≈0.400 Ma/≈400 Ka?—member of Homo—a human—and seems to be the current earliest Homo Sapiens: depending upon whether Homo heidelbergensis is deemed to be a Homo Sapiens (and, as likely, other earlier fossils may be discovered); since the next discovered to date Homo Sapiens fossils (Homo neanderthalensis ), in fact, dates between ≈430 to 040 Ka (≈0.000430 Ga/≈0.430 Ma/≈430 Ka — ≈0.000040 Ga/≈0.040 Ma/≈40 Ka! (See accompanying images of scientific reconstructions from fossils of several pre-Sapiens, below). Note that such differentiation is absolutely subjective: what mortal(s) have authority to decide which (set of) characteristic(s) distinguish humans from animal look-alikes? (Back to racist supremacism yet again: it's always "we" who are humans, while "others" are the sub-human animals threatening to contaminate "our" wondrous (often skin-deep color) genes with "animal" genes. Looks like we'll never learn! Every human is also an animal that must breath, ingest water & food, excrete wastes, sleep, and eventually die. How differently should our ethics and mores treat our distinctions of animals as we, mortal animals, look for a physical set(s) of characteristic(s) to differentiate "them" from "us"?)
If we accept Homo erectus as human (as was originally the case), then the emergence of humans dates back to ≳2 Ma! The more we learn about ancient Homo lifestyles the more they seem like us. In the past, by contrast, the closer we looked at monkeys, chimps and apes, it seemed how different we are. Today, we're noticing that much of the differences have to do not with intelligence (monkeys are faster and better than humans at a number of memory, mind and intelligence tests!) are dependent on the ability to manipulate an alphabet (enabling language) in order to store and retrieve knowledge, to build on accumulated ancestral knowledge rather than the limitations of memorizing and repeating the same knowledge endlessly.
Periodic discoveries of even earlier human remains continue to push the terminus ad quem of the earliest human back in time, shortening the period from the Great Gondwana-Pangeavestige Crunch to the earliest documented human. This, in turn, increases the %age of human ancestral evolution that was prior to the Great Gondwana-Pangeavestige Crunch. Therefore, that %age occurred before Anatolia (Turkey), Crete, Cyprus, the Eastern Mediterranean coastlands and Africa+ ever had any possible contact with humans from Pangeavestige (including Greece)!
Of course, evolution of species continued during the 32.3 megaannums period (≈41.2 Ma — ≈8.9 Ma) during the separation of the "Gondwana Rift" until the appearance of the first Hominidæ (human). During this period, although the subduction of Anatolia underneath Greece was a continuing process (see maps, above, of Whitney Crunchmap & Moix Crunchmap), subsequent Hominidæ from Anatolia vs Greece seem to be well separated. Perhaps the subduction fault area was in great turmoil, perhaps subject to great or sudden volcanic eruptions, earthquakes and/or floods becoming nearly impassable. In whatever case, subsequent emergence of Hominidæ are clearly distinguishable by their respective geographical side of the subduction fault line: Out-of-Gondwana (Anatolian-African) Hominidæ vs Pangeavestige (Greek-European) Neanderthals!
"In central and western Turkey, much evidence links the Afyon zone (Anatolides) to adjacent north Gondwana, rather than supporting an origin as an exotic Pangeavestige Terranes Keys that collided with the Tauride continent during latest Triassic time."
But life continued to evolve after the Gondwanan Rift, in both the remainder of Pangea left behind, as well as on the subtropical Cimmerian Terranes and African Continental plates, for the duration of their 210.8 megaannums (megayears) of transoceanic drift before the near simultaneous emergence of Hominidæ—on both continents, which had been separated for that 210.8 megaannums period of tectonic drift!
During that 210.8 megaannums, significant differentiation among species of the same origins certainly paralleled and mirrored each other in the generally colder clime of Pangeavestige than in the generally warmer clime of Gondwana. Yet, certainly this could be only one of many environmental differences affecting the many differentiations among people, from eye color to hair color, body structure, amount of melanin in the skin, language, culture, etc.
From the time of the first Homo Sapiens until the present stage of technology has consumed >0.000300 Ga/>0.300 Ma/>300 Ka — (>300 millennia). One might, therefore, expect that a similar time period would be required from the time of the first Hominids until, say, the first raft was built enabling inter-island travel among the nearby subtropical Cimmerian Terranes Keys.
However, it's also true that, if the first of a species doesn't succeed at least to the point of reproduction, then the species goes extinct at that point. So I turn the question on its head: which came first, new species capable of some distant future success? Or successes (discoveries developed into proto-cultures) that were then shared within the band, propelling their kind to advantage? Which determined which? I submit it is the same today. A discovery leads to a comparatively immediate leap and advantage (though not necessarily for the brainy discoverer individual!), but for the individual best positioned to take advantage of the discovery; think the WW-II-era inventors of television and computers who died in poverty, or Edison vs his nameless inventors). Compared to megaannums relative to physical evolution, the advantage of a breakthrough technology propelling a particular band or strain to success, happens immediately; perhaps 1-2 generations or less (e.g., industrial revolution, electricity & communications, atomic energy, rocketry, information processing & the internet).
Further, how far might we expect ancient mammals to be able to navigate across ≈4,200 km (≈2,600 mi) of open Tetrys Ocean? Even today, polar bears have been documented swimming nearly 700 km (≈450 mi) of open sea in a single journey; not to mention marine navigational limitations! While the polar bear almost certainly far exceeds the capability of any early Hominids in that respect, the Pelopónnese, Cretan and Anatolian Keys of the subtropical Cimmerian Terranes do not appear to have approached such a distance from each other at any point before the end of their megaannums of transoceanic drift. At the beginning, they were one contiguous tract of land in what is now South America (Pangea, Gondwana). Furthermore, some mammals living along the coeval east Neotethys Ocean coast would have been native predators of various seafoods: harvesting edible seaweeds, digging mollusks, killing crabs and, perhaps mimicking seabirds, the earliest terrestrial mammalian fishers. Moreover, the ability to span the emerging gaps between the newly forming islands may have started as wading across creeks, allowing even lower animals to adapt and migrate across in the early stages as the gaps grew imperceptibly over countless lifetimes.
 |
| Pre-Human Parvorder Hominidæ, Superfamily Hominoidea Evolutonary Tree |
The evolutionary tree of Homo Sapiens threads back to mammals in the Carboniferous Period >300 Ma; prior to the Pangeal S. American-African Rift (240 Ma) when Primates Suborder Haplorrhini (tarsiers, monkeys & apes, ≈66 Ma), even before the Primate Suborder Infraorder Simiiformes (monkeys & apes, ≈40 Ma) had been separate from their Pangeavestigal cousins for ≈(270-41.2=) 228.8 megaannums!
At that point, what is today the island of Crete, like its cultural neighbor modern Turkey, was then still the unbroken eastern seaboard of Pangea, prior to the Gondwanan Rift from Pangea into the subtropical Cimmerian Terranes Keys and drifting northeast (from modern South America), eventually to arrive at what today comprises Africa, Israel and the eastern coastal lands of the Mediterranean.
Prior to the rejoining of Gondwana and Pangeavestige (see maps, above, of Whitney Crunchmap & Moix Crunchmap) ≈41.2 Ma (after the earlier 'Great Supercontinental Rip' of Pangea ≈270 Ma), modern Pelopónnese, Crete and Turkey were neighbors of a single land mass, along with their genetically related indigenous cousin Mammals and Primate progenitors of various strains of Homo Sapiens—millions of years before they drifted into any contact with European (northern) Greece (see map)!
Geneticists have found that countless Homo Sapiens, "modern humans", walking the earth today carry various Genus Homo species DNA as part of their own DNA in addition to Sapiens! These various Homo species originate from scattered places from Gondwana (ancient South America and Africa) to the Pangeavestigal continent on the opposite side of the planet!
All evidence points to shared Mammalian ancestry in Pangea, primarily evolving post-rift simultaneously: parallel, yet separate and distinct, in various parts of the world—not excluding Gondwana and the subtropical Cimmerian Terranes Keys (including Crete!)—to Primates. No differently from other Primates in different parts of the world where conditions permitted, Primates branched into a variety of:
Suborder Haplorhini, further evolving and branching into an even wider variety of
Infraorder Simiiformes (Simians), then further branching into
Parvorder Catarrhini [Old World monkeys & apes including humans] and Superfamily Hominidæ (hominids—the great apes),
Subfamily Homininæ,
Tribe Hominini culminating in a not clearly defined Genus Homo—The systematic genus, Homo (Latin "human, man"), is designed to include both anatomically modern humans and extinct varieties of archaic humans.
In addition, geneticists have found that modern humans (Homo Sapiens) carry DNA in their blood from at least several, as well as perhaps countless other undiscovered, extinct Homo species. We see archaic humans today, and they are not extinct; they are blended into us, all of us; each of us being a unique blend!
Thus, humans comprise, inter alia
Homo Sapiens and an unknown number of muddled cousin humans thought to be extinct but whose DNA scientists are finding in all of us (e.g., Homo erectus (≳2 Ma), Homo heidelbergensis a species of humans, (0.7–0.2 Ma), Homo neanderthalensis a species of humans (0.43–0.04 Ma), Homo floresiensis (0.190–0.050 Ma).
 0150x189.png "8.7 Ma, Family Hominidae …(undefined), Genus Homininae Anadoluvius Anatolian female cranium anterior") |
 1000x519.png "Click to enlarge"){kind=small} 8.7 Ma, Family Hominidae …(debated), Genus Anadoluvius Anatolian (Turkish) female cranium |
 |
| Family Hominidae …(debated), Genus Australopithecus of the period. |
Archaeologists are still uncertain whether Ms. Turkey of 8.7 Ma is genus Homo (human), Pan (chimpanzee) or Gorilla. The distinctions are ever diminishing and blurred. In any case, archaeologists are tracing Anatolian (Turkish: subtropical Cimmerian Terranes-African— not European nor any of Pangeavestigal) subfamily Homininae (human evolutionary lineage) ePangeavestigever further back in time. It's becoming increasingly clearer that distinct and separate evolutions of genus Homo occurred in Pangeavestige as differentiated from the subtropical Cimmerian Terranes African "Out of Africa" evolution of genus Homo. I plan to discuss the pertinent recent paper in the appropriate (Kit•imꞋ/Kᴴa•tᵊ•tūꞋshan: Anatolian, modern Turkish) webpage.
Earliest Pre-Sapien Human Genera: Homo Species 0150x125.png "Homo erectus") |
 0150x110.png "Homo heidelbergensis") |
 |
 |
 150x150.png "Homo Pangeavestigal-Denisovan; illus. Maayan Harel, Hebrew University, Yᵊrushalayim") |
 0150x100.png "Homo floresiensis") |
| Homo erectus species of humans (≳2 Ma, Gondwana/Africa) | Homo heidelbergensis species of humans (≈700—200 Ka, Gondwana/Africa) | Homo neanderthalensis species of humans (≈430—40 Ka, Pangeavestige) cred. Allan Henderson |
Homo naledi species of humans (≈250 Ka, Gondwana/Africa) | Homo Denisova species of humans (≈74 Ka, Pangeavestige) |
Homo floresiensis species of humans (≈50 Ka, EurPangeavestige) |
"Dwarf elephants and dwarf deer are extinct, but between [≈800 Ka and ≈3 Ka] years ago they lived on islands in the Mediterranean and Indonesia, and off the coasts of Siberia and California."
Like Anatolia (modern Turkey) and the entire east coastlands of today's Mediterranean Sea (including Israel and the island of Cyprus), Crete began as Gondwana's beachfront on the Neotethys Ocean—halfway around the planet, over the ocean, from Pangeavestige (including Greece). Crete remained land-bridged (or, in the last stages before the Great Gondwana-Pangeavestige Crunch, uncertain island-hopping back to Africa+ within the subtropical Cimmerian Terranes island chain) for ≈0.2288 Ga/≈228.8 Ma/≈228,800 Ka, throughout its transoceanic voyage halfway across planet, tectonically drifting across the Neotethys Ocean. At its closest point to the Pangeavestigal continent (Greece)—which is today, Crete remains ≈160 km (99 mi) from Pangeavestigal Greece!
According to the DeepMIP model, along with PI topography/bathymetry from ETOPO5 (see earlier accompanying graphic), by contrast, it doesn't appear that there was any land-bridge between the subtropical Cimmerian Terranes and Pangeavestige prior to the Great Gondwana-Pangeavestige Crunch of ≈0.0412 Ga/≈41.2 Ma/≈41,200 Ka, when Anatolia (Turkey) crashed into the Pangeavestigal continent and began to subduct beneath it!
The tectonic subduction fault line, as set forth by Douwe, et al., distinguishes Pangeavestige (e.g., ancient Anatolia/Turkey, Crete, the eastern coastlands of the Mediterranean Sea) & Africa from Greece and the rest of Europe. (While there is today a land border between Greece and Turkey, that small stretch is an aberration from the tectonic juncture, which follows the Meriç (Greek Evros) River. This suture of Pangeavestige, joining Africa and Europe, is generally regarded as the most complex and challenging to understand of any geographic location on this planet.
Elephants were absent from Pangeavestigal Greece & Europe, while plentiful in Gondwanan Africa and Anatolia (modern Turkey)—and only later human introduced on earliest known Crete during the Pleistocene (≈2.58 Ma to cBCE 9700). The obvious deduction is that the dwarf elephants in earliest Crete derived from Gondwanan Africa, not Pangeavestigal Europe! The most likely way to account for this is that the dwarf elephants on Crete evolved, to adapt to the island's limitations, parallel to African elephants; both from lower animals originating in Gondwana—not Pangeavestige (Europe+). As shown in accompanying scientific maps & diagrams, the demarcation of the juncture of Gondwana with Pangeavestige also closely demarcates the dwarf elephants on Crete from Europe—as well as demarcating Homo Sapiens out of Africa from the [Pangeavestigal-]Neanderthals out of Europe!
Being buoyant in water and equipped with their own snorkel, full-sized Pangeavestigal elephants have been known to swim the short distances between a couple of Andaman islands off India. Still, salt water is an irritant to elephants. AI chat Llama 3 summarized the available knowledge: "Rajan, the [last sea-swimming] Pangeavestigal elephant [1950–2016, ybd], was known for his swimming abilities. He was a resident of the Andaman Keys, and his swimming skills were quite impressive.Rajan was observed swimming long distances in the Bay of Bengal, and it's reported that he could swim up to 5-6 kilometers (3.1-3.7 miles) without resting. In one instance, he even swam 12 kilometers (7.5 miles) to reach a nearby island!"
"In the Asphendou cave near the White Mountains of western Crete… [a calcite flowstone] inscribed with complex geometric and figural rock art (petroglyphs) was discovered in the 1960s … palaeontological and iconographic evidence to confirm a Palaeolithic [≈625 Ka – end of last ice age ≈8.5 Ka] date (most likely the ‘Upper’ Palaeolithic: 50 Ka–12 Ka) for the earliest carvings."
"Palaeolithic artists represented what they knew, in this case a prevalent species of Cretan dwarf deer (Candiacervus), which became extinct in the Upper Palaeolithic."
"…several new Palaeolithic sites have been discovered throughout the Aegean basin.
ÕdãmꞋ & Khaū•ãhꞋ of Ta•na״khꞋ are generic terms for the earliest common ancestral pair(s) derived from lower species that originated in the A•dãm•ãhꞋ (gigayears later: Yi•sᵊr•ã•eilꞋ) locale of Gondwana, of the Pangea supercontinent. While ancient peoples didn't grasp the emergence of life and evolution of Homo Sapiens, the Hebrew term translated "rib", is most certainly an allegory, perhaps referring to DNA. The ancient account in Ta•na״khꞋ does not rule out other, geographically disparate and widely separated pairs and matings of human ancestors, thereafter evolving independently and roughly in parallel: [Pangeavestigal-]Neanderthal et al. ancestors in Pangeal Europe, Cro-Magnon et al. ancestors in Pangeal Siberia and African & Pangeavestigal species (long separated from Europe & Siberia by an ocean) from the Pangeavestige to Africa continent (including the subtropical Cimmerian Terranes).
 |
 Gondwanan (Anatolian)-Pangeavestigal Fault Line Mirrors the Divide in earliest human speciation. Theorized migrations of pre-Homo sapien hominins (archaic humans) from the Anatolian-African continent (Homo heidelbergensis) vs hominins from the Pangeavestigal continent. (Map by John D. Croft; edited by Yirmeyahu Ben-David (2023) to remove arrowheads of uncertain directions) |
 0350x200.png "Anatolian vs Pangeavestige Fault Line Homo Divide map") |
 0750x420.png "Click to enlarge"){kind=small} Anatolian vs Pangeavestige Fault Line Mirrors Divide in earliest human speciation (Jorge Garcia & Elena Bosch) |
There is an intriguing, impossible to deny, and challenging to otherwise explain similarity between the Mediterranean-embracing Gondwanan-Pangeavestigal Continents Tectonics Crunch (Suture, Subduction) Curve in Whitney & Moix maps (earlier) and the Hominid Genetic Curves in these Croft & Garcia-Bosch maps! Taken together, these seem to evidence that the former strongly effected (sic) the latter.
"[Pangeavestigal-]Neanderthals are known to contribute up to 1-4% of the genomes of non-[Gondwanan-]African modern humans, depending on what region of the wor[l]d your ancestors come from, and modern humans who lived about 40,000 years ago have been found to have up to 6-9% [Pangeavestigal-]Neanderthal DNA (Fu et al., 2015). Because [Pangeavestigal-]Neanderthals likely evolve outside of [Gondwanan-]Africa (no [Pangeavestigal-]Neanderthal fossils have been found in Africa to date) it was thought that there would be no trace of [Pangeavestigal-]Neanderthal DNA in [Gondwanan-]African modern humans. However, a study in 2020 demonstrated that there is [Pangeavestigal-]Neanderthal DNA in all [Gondwanan-]African Homo Sapiens (Chen at el., 2020). This is a good indicator of how human migration out of [Gondwanan-]Africa worked: that Homo Sapiens did not leave [Gondwanan-]Africa in one or more major dispersals, but that there was gene flow back and forth over time that brough[t] [Pangeavestigal-]Neanderthal DNA into [Gondwanan-]Africa. … [Pangeavestigal-]Neanderthals have also indirectly contribute[d] to the genome of modern humans of [Gondwanan-]African descent via ancient modern human migrations back into [Gondwanan-]Africa"
"The new investigation also finds that [Western; i.e. Gondwanan "Pangeavestigals"] and [Gondwanan] South Americans possess more [Pangeavestigal-]Neandert[h]al genes than Europeans do. Although [Pangeavestigal-]Neandert[h]als inhabited Europe and [East of the Suture Line, not West] Pangeavestige, they may have interbred [post-Crunch] most frequently with Homo Sapiens in Eastern regions of Pangeavestige, or, possibly, had their genetic contributions to Europeans diluted as increasing numbers of Stone Age humans reached that continent." The [Pangeavestigal-]Denisova Cave in Russia has yielded at least 100,000 years’ worth of artifacts…
"Relative to chimpanzee DNA, [Pangeavestigal-Denisovan] DNA displayed fewer alterations than the genetic code of people today did. That disparity reflects the fact that [Pangeavestigal-Denisovans, perhaps genetically recessive, simply receded during] the Stone Age [≈BCE 3600‑2500 (≈0.000005626 Ga/≈0.005626 Ma/≈5.626 Ka — ≈0.000004526 Ga/≈0.004526 Ma/≈4.526 Ka)] and thus had less time than surviving humans to generate genetic changes [corroborating the likelihood of being gene recessive] relative to chimps. The scientists used that difference to calculate a provisional age of between 74,000 and 82,000 years for the [Pangeavestigal-Denisovan] finger bone, tens of thousands of years older than previous data had suggested…
"The same gene variants carried by the [Pangeavestigal-Denisovan] individual are commonly found today in living people with dark skin, brown hair and brown eyes."
According to "Chris Stringer, a professor and research leader in Human Origins at The Natural History Museum in London…[,] It also appears that our ancestors may have interacted more widely with [Pangeavestigal-Denisovans] than [Pangeavestigal-]Neanderthals… Relatively small groups of early modern humans interbred with [Pangeavestigal-]Neanderthals in western Pangeavestige and then spread across Pangeavestige and beyond, passing on that level of acquired [Pangeavestigal-]Neanderthal DNA to descendant populations,… In the case of the [Pangeavestigal-Denisovans], it looks like they were genetically much more diverse, and they intermixed separately in different locations with differentiating early modern populations, hence the more varied patterns we see today."
Archaeologists argue that, during the early periods of this [Gondwanan] African to Pangeavestigal (Neanderthal) DNA fusion, neither Gondwanan-African nor Pangeavestigal humans possessed the marine technology to build rafts, much less ships capable of navigating ≈4,200 km (≈2,600 mi) of open Tetrys Ocean from Pangeavestigal Greece to the island of Gondwanan Crete (or [Gondwanan] Cyprus) until perhaps ≈0.000075 Ga/≈0.075 Ma/≈75 Ka!
Assuming advance maritime technology in shipbuilding, with no archaeological ship-building evidence whatsoever, based simply on some researchers' need to explain the presence of tools 100 Ka earlier, cannot be justified. Genetic clades freely migrating between the Pangeavestige Continental plate and the Gondwanan-Africa Continental plate must be demonstrated, not assumed. No sound basis has emerged to justify this assumption of migration even between Europe and Africa!
A fortiori, since no human was even capable of open seafaring the 2,727 km (≈1,700 mi) between post-Crunch Africa and Crete (or Cyprus), nor even between Pangeavestige and Crete (or Cyprus), then they certainly did not migrate ≈4,200 km (≈2,600 mi) of open Tetrys Ocean between Africa in the Gondwanan Continental plate and the Pangeavestige Continental plate far earlier! This seems to imply that 92.9% of Pangeavestigal-"Neanderthal DNA in all [Gondwanan-]African Homo Sapiens" had to have occurred before the "Great Gondwana-Pangeavestige Crunch" ≈.0412 Ga. That leaves only the possibility that these DNA types evolved 92.9% in parallel, geographically separate and distinct, probably in more than one case, and further up the ancestral tree—among evolving pre-Homo primates!!!
Consequently, Hominids of various strains had various migrating capabilities and mental strategies. We may tend to think of evolution as a linear progression. But reality dictates that there were different sub-strains with different capabilities, both mental and physical, living coevally—just as today. We tend to forget that there exist today over 200 primitive human tribes about whom we know very little, still living as primitive humans; while at the opposite end of the spectrum, coeval humans range from primitive native tribes to astronauts walking on the moon and living in orbit around our planet. There was a diverse range then just as there remains today.
While written proto-language petroglyphs haven't been found before ≈625 Ka, oral proto-language superior to the basic communications of today's bands of chimps or monkeys, surely preceded Hominids. Birds have surprised scientists by communicating to other birds basic words learned from humans, crows remember humans from 40 years earlier and bees communicate complicated directions through dance. Monkeys not only have communicating to each other adaptations learned from humans, they have demonstrated their ability to perform logic and memory functions not only way faster than humans, but occasionally at a higher level than the scientists testing them. Whales and dolphins communicate, perhaps globally, in a language we don't understand. We've only recently figured out Egyptian hieroglyphs and Semitic Anatolian, Sumerian and Akkadian cuneiform. We still don't understand much of the ancient Linear B language. Discoveries of the use of tools by mammals (e.g., otters) and birds periodically surprises scientists. Are we not to regard Hominid early humans—more like us than these "lower" animals?
It was likely quite early in their evolution that Hominids learned how to improve their fishing by paddling out a ways on a log; from which making a dug-out, raft and paddles was certainly not 49 Ma away! Nor was the washing ashore of a strange raft, which they hadn't made, somewhere over the navigable horizon, telling them there had human neighbors, probably on a similar island—and within rafting distance. Inter-island travel introduced trade and learning between these Cyclade islanders (Anatolia-Crete-Cyprus-Thera, et al.), fostering a shared, (initially Eastern direction from South America, arcing to Northern as they approached Europe/Greece). A shared Northern Gondwanan oral communications and proto-culture in the Mediterranean Eastern Basin and surrounding coastland seems a certainty. This Northern Gondwanan language and culture is today known as Semitic (sons of Shæm)—languages of ᵏHa•tᵊ•tū´sha, Syria, TzūrꞋ and Yi•sᵊr•ã•æl´eil´.
How much more ability might we expect of the brightest among early Hominids to use tools and communicate information about a culture surrounding tool use, locations of food sources and seasonal migrations—and reading bird and ocean mammals migrations to keep track of locations of neighboring islands, and seasonal inter-island migration for food; perhaps even a shared tradition of notions about their shared origins?
Even today, archaeological scientists marvel and scratch their heads trying to explain what Anatolian super-civilization could have built Göbekli Tepe at the apex of the Fertile Crescent ≈0.0000095 Ga/≈0.0095 Ma/≈9.5 Ka — ≈0.000008 Ga/≈0.008 Ma/≈8 Ka !!!
The earliest extant evidence of human-crafted stone tools on the Mediterannean island of KᵊrëꞋtë sets the terminus ad quem of early autochthonous human presence on KᵊrëꞋtë: ≈130 Ka b.p.
"Based on the available data - and we stress that research is ongoing - the most parsimonious hypothesis is that the exploitation of … the Plakias region took place in both the Pleistocene and early Holocene, and that two separate human groups left traces of their existence in this region, one in the Middle to Upper Pleistocene ([≈130 Ka] or earlier), and the other in the late Pleistocene-early Holocene ([≈11-9 Ka\)."
Who was this original Mediterranean, technologically advanced, seagoing super-civilization (called "Sea People" by the Egyptians and mislabeled by modern explorers as "Minoans" and, almost correct, "Hittites" (not "Hethites")?
Were they neighboring relatives from the subtropical Cimmerian Terranes islands, which rifted from proto-South America in Gondwana, Pangea ≈270 Ma and drifted imperceptibly slowly across the the Palæotethys (now the Atlantic & Mediterranean Seas) until ≈50 Ma? Most current data I find points to a submerged eastern-arcing-to-northern fringe of Gondwana.
 |
 Herodotus' Description of the East Mediterranean Coast (Rainey 2001-6a of 7) |
The Kit•imꞋ were a province of southern ᵏHa•tᵊ•tū´sha, on the northeast coast of the Mediterranean Sea—famous for logging cedar and building xTarshish-Class ships capable of navigating the Mediterranean Sea, the eastern coastlands of the Atlantic Ocean north along the West coasts of Europe. Ancient records of merchandise they brought back from the east confirms that, apparently via the Tigris and Euphrates rivers on the east, they traded as far east as the Indian port of אוֹפִיר.
Confederating in the Bronze Age with the Tzi•yᵊd•ōn•im´-TzūrꞋ•i (modern Lebanon), their combined confederation fleet plied the entire Mediterranean—known by all of the coastlands as the "Sea Peoples".
Applying new techniques to date petroglyph writing, discovered a few decades ago on the Mediterranean island of Crete, Prof. Thomas Strasser and his associates have contributed significantly to the ancient picture of autochthonous Hominids in the Mediterranean Basin by "confirming" that flint tool-making on Crete pushes back archaeologists' pottery-stratigraphy dating to ≈175 Ka.
However, Arts-degreed Strasser et al. then assumed that "The long period of separation (more than [5 megaannia]) of Crete from any landmass implies that the early inhabitants of Crete reached the island using seacraft capable of open-sea navigation and multiple journeys - a finding that pushes the history of seafaring in the Mediterranean back by more than 100,000 years and has important implications for the dispersal of early humans."
It must be noted here that there is no physical evidence supporting arts-degreed "Classical Archaeologist" Strasser's fallacious implication that would "[push] the history of seafaring in the Mediterranean back by more than 100,000 years". Such questions, including dating of ancient objects, artifacts or events must be left to the scientists. Any base dating by someone with an arts degree is suspect; and any dating based on reasoning or conclusions by someone with an arts degree citing scientists is also suspect, and such reasoning must be confirmed by a legitimate scientist.
The apparent conflict between the first mitochondrial Khaū•ãhꞋ and, 60 millennia later, the first ÕdãmꞋ, is briefly covered in their respective explanatory pages.
The origins of ÕdãmꞋ and Khaū•ãhꞋ weren't clearly understood by the scribes who recorded bᵊReish•itꞋ, and, even in our modern era, this still remains exacerbated by our own poor understanding of the origins of Homo Sapiens.
Sparse findings of evidence suggests that the first Genus Homo was female (Khaū•ãhꞋ) and scientists have discovered no evidence of males of Genus Homo for the next 60 Ka! Of course, absence of evidence is not evidence of absence. Tomorrow, a coeval male bone from Genus Homo could be found, or even a male bone from Genus homo predating Khaū•ãhꞋ (i.e. ÕdãmꞋ)!
In the interim, however, the evidence suggests that, for the first 60 millennia, Genus Homo (human) women produced only Tribe Homininæ males (and likely also Tribe Homininæ females) as well as (perhaps only rarely) Genus Homo (human) daughters; never Genus Homo (human) sons who survived to reproduce. The resulting situation was a new strain of Genus Homo (human) women with no Genus Homo (human) men. Thus, Genus Homo (human) women could only reproduce with Tribe Homininæ males (who were not human men), producing no Genus Homo (human) men.
It was only after some evolutionary DNA change occurred 60 millennia after the emergence of Genus Homo (human) women gave birth to Genus Homo (human) sons. This apparently occurred either
as the result of a particular combination, or certain combinations of particular species of Tribe Homininæ males reproducing with particular species of Genus Homo (human) women, began producing Genus Homo (human) sons (perhaps the result of unusual migrations or other inter-species encounters), or
some DNA change occurred in certain particular species of Tribe Homininæ males (not human men), enabling them to reproduce Genus Homo (human) sons together, or
some DNA change occurred in certain particular species of Genus Homo (human) women, enabling them to reproduce Genus Homo (human) sons with (perhaps certain species of) Tribe Homininæ males (not human men)
The initial emergence of Genus Homo human men (as well as the initial emergence of Genus Homo human women) likely occurred in more than one combination of species, in parallel and distinct, in more than one place, within the same general era. Further speciation (evolution) is still occuring continuously today.
Throughout the passage, the Hebrew tradition properly translates הָֽאָדָֽם as the collective form (i.e. humans, humanity, humankind—Genus Homo).
The original language (Hebrew) of bᵊReish•itꞋ 2.20 makes clear that "So ã•dãmꞋ [i.e. (Genus) Homo males collectively, humankind] named all of the beasts and birds of ha-shã•maꞋyim… but for hã-ã•dãmꞋ [the Genus Homo male, the human male collectively and specifically] no helper-counterpart was found."
"Helper-counterpart" can be understood as "a counterpart mate capable of giving birth to a surviving and reproducing male Genus Homo (human man)… was not found".
Verse 21 then becomes obvious: "So יְהוָׂה ël•ōh•imꞋ caused the (women-only human) Genus Homo side-species (species) Sapiens to sleep"—for 60 millennia, until [יְהוָׂה] prepared (some DNA combination of) a מִצַּלְעֹתָ֔יו (a side-species—erectus or some hybrid combination) and closed-up that 60 millennia hole in reproducing a complete Homo Sapiens from some Homo side-species (not an individual human's side).
In fact, the account of Nᵊphil•imꞋ may confirm this 60 Ka separation between the first female Homo Sapiens, Khaū•ãhꞋ—when only bᵊn•eiꞋ-hã-ël•ōh•imꞋ: Nᵊphil•imꞋ creations/children of ël•ōh•imꞋ =qqq Genus Homo males other than species sapiens) existed to procreate with female Homo sapiens for 60 Ka—until the first, immediate, male ancestor to Homo sapiens, ÕdãmꞋ, evolved!
So no,"The long period of separation (more than 5,000,000 years) of Crete from any landmass" does not imply that Crete had to be originally settled by seafaring visitors to the island! Such implication requires assuming that the first male Homo sapiens and the first female Homo sapiens were coevals from whom all subsequent Homo sapiens have derived (only thereafter dispersing from a single origin)—a simplistic misreading of the Scriptural description.
Ergo, I maintain that there's no defensible reason to assume that the KᵊrëꞋtë islanders weren't autochthonous to KᵊrëꞋtë Key! They didn't need to make a sea voyage to get to KᵊrëꞋtë Key, they were born there and, for eons, knew only inter-island fishing & trading with neighboring subtropical Cimmerian Terranes Keys, especially their closest islands: Peloponesia and Anatolia. For all of those eons they knew nothing of Pangeavestige or Greece.
In other words, Superfamily Hominidæ evolved on KᵊrëꞋtë like several, probably many, other places on the planet and further evolved into one or more of Hominid genera, etc. There's no strong reason to believe that any Hominids had to travel to Crete from anywhere else in order to initially populate the island with ancestors of Homo sapiens! They more likely evolved from their autochthonous Mammalian, then Primate, etc. ancestors right on the island, just like many other places where the conditions were within limits.
This set of conditions suggests that the emergence of the first Homo sapiens very likely also occurred in parallel, yet separate and distinct, other, perhaps many, instances and places during the same epoch, in every habitable part of the planet. We just haven't found enough evidence yet to piece it together. The argument continues among scientists: how human were the various Genus Homo species? Including chimpanzees (closest to sapiens)? Orangutans? Gorillas? Perhaps their respective "animal rights" activists should be taken more seriously?
All of the Gondwanan lands, including the (present Mediterranean) islands almost certainly had nearly identical flora and fauna to give rise to their individual emergence of earliest, autochthonous human evolution and habitation. Modern man simply hasn't yet discovered evidence to prove it. Indeed, such evidence may no longer exist to ever answer that question with complete confidence.
Because of its greater resources (from mining to forestry, etc.), mainland autochthonous ᵏHa•tᵊ•tū´sha (including Pelopónnesia & Kit•imꞋ) well-documented as the most efficient and fastest advancing, super-civilization of its era. first civilization to navigate and discover the islanders of KᵊrëꞋtë & QëꞋphᵊr•i.
Ascribing open-ocean seafaring capabilities to these early peoples (Strasser et al.; mainland western Turkey and Pelopónnese, as well as the Mediterranean islands of Crete, Cyprus & the Cyclade Islands of the Ægean Sea) suggests that, before intermingling with Pangeavestigals, these post-Crunch, earliest human, islander-descendants from Gondwanaland likely first discovered their cousin islanders—each other. Certainly, they would have distinguished each other from Pangeavestigals. Earliest Gondwanan-heritage humans likely first began visiting and trading with each other via island-hopping, their ship-building (marine architecture, led by ᵏHa•tᵊ•tū´sha) and seafaring capabilities were the central enterprise toward their prosperity and civilizational advancement.
Thus, led by the mainland ᵏHa•tᵊ•tū´sha, due to their greater natural resources, their cultures tended to intermingle as well. This encouraged increasing trade by all parties, leading to ᵏHa•tᵊ•tū´sha establishing a ᴷH•ãr•ūmꞋ on every essential island; not as conquering colonists but as commercial centers for the mutual, cooperative, benefit of all NëꞋsha "cousins". This was the emergence of the world's first superpower.
Greeks and Europeans argue that the first Hominoids on Crete only occurred hundreds of millions of years after the subtropical Cimmerian Terranes Keys rifted from South America and drifted across what is now the Atlantic Ocean to crash into Europe—finally meeting European-Greek colonists. What Greeks and other Europeans fail to acknowledge is that Hominins' immediate evolutionary ancestors—Parvorder Catarrhini monkeys—had evolved and populated the Cimmerian Terranes, xir setting the stage for the emergence of earliest humans, at the time they "Crunched" into Greece, suturing to the rest of Pangeavestige—only 41.2 Ma!
"People" misunderstand science. Scientists are still arguing even what might constitute the litmus test distinguish a human! Furthermore, "earliest discovered fossils" determines only the terminus ad quem of, i.e. no later than, for an earliest human. This acknowledges the meager evidence that we have discovered represents only a nano-scintilla of ancient humans. This does not even hint that it represents the earliest human. We don't know what we haven't discovered. Nor do we have much idea what evidence has disappeared over the megaannia. Earliest man could date back even before the "Big Crunch"… and we just haven't excavated in the right spots, with the right science (if such scientific capability is even possible) to discover the earliest instances of man. All we do know is the stage was set for man at the time of the "Big Crunch". That means we don't know when earliest man appeared. Man may even have emerged before the "Big Crunch".
All that current evidence shows is that man emerged no later than 12—8 Ma, depending on the criteria eventually decided to distinguish humans from apes—if that is even possible. Increasingly, all of the evidence seems to indicate otherwise: that different clades of earliest humans emerged in different geographic locations from slightly different native species of higher humanlike apes—a spectrum, rather than a single, mating pair remember, a remarkable pair of instances.
The consequence of this is that Greeks were not even remotely close to the great luminaries of all the world's earliest culture, philosophy and science. The Greeks merely pagiarized the culture, philosophy, science and technology of the world's first superpower—the ᵏHa•tᵊ•tū´sha! These were the people and civilization archaeologists have never been able to identify; builders of the "alien" super-civilization archaeologists irresponsibly dubbed "Minoans"! The ᵏHa•tᵊ•tū´sha, along with their confederation with the TzūrꞋ were known as the "Sea People"—whose Mediterranean Naval Fleet was decimated in a moment as their main Naval HQ, in TzūrꞋ, exploded into the stratosphere, decimating their economy and civilization, ≈BCE !
Only after the LBAC, with the ᵏHa•tᵊ•tū´sha and TzūrꞋ naval fleets decimated, were the Greeks left to take over the Pelopónnesian port in Pūlos some time in the BCE 1200s: the rise of the Pūlossians and their "Classical Greece" plagiarizing all earlier civilizations!!!
qqqLastBits 00 worksites remaining below
Pay it forward (Quote & Cite):
| Yirmeyahu Ben-David. The Biblical Kritim (2026.03.13). Netzarim Jews Worldwide (Ra'anana, Israel). https://www.netzarim.co.il/Shared/Glossary/Kritim.htm (Retrieved: Month Da, 20##). |
 |
|
 |