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The reason this simple page of glossary definitions is ranked so popular with the search engine is because so many people click on our links to these definitions from the content in… the 'Netzarim Quarter' Village web site in Ra•an•anꞋã(h), Israel at www.netzarim.co.il
In Hebrew, the original followers of Riyb"y were called the Nᵊtzãr•imꞋ (Hellenized-Anglicized to "Nazarenes"). The real content is in the main body of the 'Netzarim Quarter'! Click on the Netzarim logo (at top) for an exciting visit to the 'Nᵊtzãr•imꞋ Quarter' where you'll learn about Historical Riyb"y and his original, Jewish, followers—before the excision of The Apostate Paul, c. 49 CE, that resulted in his Great Jesus-Christianity Apostasy, founded (7 churches) in Anatolia (now modern Turkey). Just as importantly, learn how you (whether Jew or non-Jew) can follow the historically Ta•na״khꞋ-coherent Riyb"y, according to the bᵊrit with יְהוָׂה—which is what genuinely can make you a Jew; regardless of any pronouncement(s) by mortals! (Walking in the bᵊrit must be among Jews in order to be witnessed by Jews; but their, or any mortals', endorsement is of no spiritual relevance whatsoever.)
Until Paqid Yirmeyahu researched the Netzarim name and sect and began publishing about it in 1972 in The Netzarim Reconstruction of Hebrew Matityahu (NHM) no one in modern times was even aware of the name Netzarim. It stretches credulity that no one in modern times had heard of the Netzarim until Paqid Yirmeyahu published it in 1972… and then, suddenly, everybody figured it out??? Check (and verify) the dates of the earliest works about the Netzarim by the others and you'll see that they are deceiver-plagiarists. Then insist on the person whom ha-Sheim selected to entrust the knowledge, not imposters who falsely call their continuing practice of Displacement Theology "Nazarene Judaism" or directly plagiarize the name "Netzarim."
Because we teach and practice the authentic Judaic teachings of Ribi Yehoshua—not Displacement Theology—we are the only group who have restored the Netzarim to be accepted in the legitimate Jewish community in Israel—genuinely like Ribi Yehoshua and the original Netzarim. Consequently, the 'Netzarim Quarter' is the only web site of legitimate Netzarim / Nazarene Judaism.
Give all the friends you've ever known the chance to know about this exciting site; send them our web site address (www.netzarim.co.il) that opens modern eyes for the first time to the Judaic world that Ribi Yehoshua and his original Netzarim knew, practiced and taught.
אֱדוֹם
[Glos E-J, updated: 2021.03.16]
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 Location of Ë•dōmꞋ about 300 yrs after Ei•sauꞋ |
Ë•dōmꞋ
Ë•dōmꞋ was further the patronym of his homeland, and that of his descendants, in what is today the southern Israeli NëgꞋëv, south of Bᵊeir ShëvꞋa and extending eastward, south of Yãm ha-MëlꞋakh, into what is today west-central Jordan. See also Har Ei•sawꞋ.
Both the region & people of Ë•dōmꞋ later became known by the name of his, infamous, grandson—A•mã•leiqꞋ!!! (Gratefully, there are no known extant genealogical records connecting any individual Jordanians to A•mã•leiqꞋ.)
אֱדוֹמִי, pl. אֱדוֹמִים later, Hellenized to Idumea (think Herod).
As Ei•sãuꞋ was born of the same mother as Ya•a•qovꞋ, yet became an Arab patriarch, Ei•sãuꞋ is proof that the racist argument of simply being born of a Jewish mother or having Jewish DNA isn't sufficient to make one a Jew. Abandoning Tōr•ãhꞋ excludes even one born of a Jewish mother from Yi•sᵊr•ã•eilꞋ and from being a Jew.
The most infamous Ë•dōm•iꞋ was the grandson of Ei•sãuꞋ: עֲמָלֵק! Remember!
Ancient Ë•dōmꞋ (later Idumea) today comprises part of the Israeli NëgꞋëv and southwestern Jordan. Today's Ei•dōm•imꞋ (Edomites, Idumeans) are the Arabs of Jordan.
עֵדָה [Glos E-J, updated: 2020.03.04]
Eid•ãhꞋ;
עֵד (eid; eyewitness; witness); collectively, of a group of witnesses (e.g., in the sense of subpoenaed), pl. עֵדִים; popularly assembly or congregation; more accurately convocation. This noun derives from the verb יָעַד (yã•adꞋ; he appointed, designated, convoked). See also cognate Mō•eidꞋ.
עֲדוֹת הַמִּזְרָח — Jews of Middle Eastern origin, Middle Eastern Jews in contrast to Ash•kᵊnazꞋim and Sᵊphãrãd•imꞋ, both of which are European Jews.
Jews from middle-eastern countries preserve more authentic traditions than the European-accultured Ash•kᵊnazꞋim and Sᵊphã•rãd•imꞋ.
Tei•mãn•imꞋ are one of the עֲדוֹת הַמִּזְרָח.
עֵדוּת eid•ūtꞋ; evidence, physical evidence, physical proof, which MoshꞋëh placed in the אֲרוֹן
הָעֵדוּת (Shᵊm•otꞋ 40.20, inter alia).
אֵיכָה [Glos_E-J, updated: 2006.04.27]
Eikh•ãhꞋ;
אֵל … אֱלֹהִים [Glos_E-J, updated: 2023.05.14]
While it may cause doctrinal crises among modern clergies, nevertheless the following is the hard truth of reality regarding the ancient origins of all forms of gods = rūkh•ōtꞋ from earliest humanity: physicomorphism, more specifically the subset anthropomorphism!
אֵל, pl.
אֵלָה (Arabic counterpart: Al•ãhꞋ), pl. אֵלוֹת
אֱלֹהִים collective (mixed gender) pl.
There was no capitalization in Hebrew nor in other ancient languages. Use of a capital letter to distinguish "God" from "god" is a foreign introduction, by modern languages, that was non-existent in the original language. This plural noun is universally misunderstood and always means "the gods", especially when all of "the gods" (Jesus and Al•ãhꞋ subsumed), for Yi•sᵊr•ã•eilꞋ, are superseded and displaced by י‑‑ה solely — as in the Shᵊm•aꞋ:
“י‑‑ה, the Lone-Singularity — is
gods’ to us!”
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The etymology is uncertain and disputed. Scholars of PEMRH: disagree concerning the anomalous and enigmatic singular form. Because אֵל has a different plural form, אֵלִים (Eil•imꞋ), most scholars consider Ël•ōh•imꞋ to be the plural of ël•ōh•aꞋ. It follows neither the typical masc. nor fem. pattern. Confounded scholars, disagreeing among themselves, have performed numerous contortions of gi•maꞋtri•yãh, introducing a ה infix and capriciously assigned the fem. construct to the masc. gender. Yet, the distortion should tell scholars something basic: this was a term that was deliberately distorted out of existence; excised from the Hebrew lexicon—and that is what Tōr•ãhꞋ commanded regarding the names of an idol (Shᵊm•otꞋ 23.13; Dᵊvãr•imꞋ 12.3; Yᵊho•shuꞋa 23.7)!!!
אֵלִיָּהוּ [Glos_E-J, updated: 2006.04.27]
Eil•i•yãhꞋu,
עֵמֶק [Glos_E-J, updated: 2022.03.29]
ÆꞋmëq,
אֵיפָה [Glos E-J, updated: 2019.01.22]
eiph•ãhꞋ;
אֵפוֹד [Glos E-J, updated: 2019.01.29]
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 Bigedei haKohein haGadol |
Ei•phōdꞋ;
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 Ancient lamellar (leather scales) cuirass body armor. |
The Ei•phōdꞋ for the Kō•heinꞋ ha-Jã•dōlꞋ was woven of gold thread, tᵊkheilꞋët, crimson and royal purple. The Ei•phōdꞋ was held in place by a belt.
As a cuirass-like garment worn overtop of the kaftan, the Ei•phōdꞋ corresponded to the ancient Egyptian and Levantine lamellar (leather scales), tunic-like, body armor — similar to the recently-discovered personal body armor of Par•ohꞋ Tutankhamun.
Thus, we may think of the Ei•phōdꞋ as the spiritual counterpart of ancient body armor.
See also KhōꞋshën Mi•shᵊpãtꞋ, mi•tzᵊnëphꞋët, tō•tëphꞋët, Ur•imꞋ wᵊ-Tum•imꞋ and Tzitz.
עֵרֶב רַב [Glos E-J, updated: 2022.07.02]
A great, multitudinous mixture, mingling or convergence (e.g., of goy•imꞋ, Shᵊm•ōtꞋ 12.38).
EiꞋrab (ĀꞋrab, English word coined & defined here), pl. Eirabs: a portmanteau of עֵרֶב and עֲרָבִי, i.e. a mixture, comingling of Arab tribes.
אֵרוּסִין [Glos E-J, updated: 2018.12.25]
ei•rūs•inꞋ
אָרוּס (m.s.) — a fiancé, an engaged man.
אֲרוּסָה (f.s.) — a fiancée, an engaged woman. (Contrast with ish•ãhꞋ.)
It wasn't until the 3rd century C.E. that rabbis introduced a reform, intended as a prophylaxis against impulsive actions, fixing a limitation on the timing of the ארוסין — to take place at the table of the ארוס no more than a year before the planned khūp•ãhꞋ. The main features of the ארוסין are (1) the negotiated written תְּנַאִים setting forth the date, time and some financial arrangements of the khūp•ãhꞋ, (2) the oral reading and (3) the signing by both families, of the תְּנַאִים, written in Aramaic, which creates the Tōr•ãhꞋ legal status of ארוסין.
Reciting the proper bᵊrãkh•ãhꞋ, the ארוס then places the engagement ring on the hand of the ארוסה.
In some traditions, a special plate is smashed on the ground during the festivities, usually by the couple's mothers. This symbolizes "sealing the deal"; and the plate pieces may later be framed (in its distinct pieces, not glued back together) as a keepsake. Typically, this is followed by a dinner, hosted by the family of the ארוס for both families concluded by the Bi•rᵊk•atꞋ ha-Mã•zōnꞋ.
ארוסין is a metaphor of the bᵊrit between י‑‑ה and Yi•sᵊr•ã•eilꞋ.
In the 11th century C.E., so as to to postpone the fiancée's exposure to capital punishment for any charges of violating ni•ūphꞋ (which derived from property law) in the interim "engagement" period, European Orthodox rabbis reformed ארוסין from its original time and purpose, shifting it to the 2nd of the 3 components (ignored or) performed under the khup•ãhꞋ prior to the reading of the kᵊtūb•ãhꞋ & ni•sū•inꞋ.
Preceded by bᵊrãkh•ãhꞋ over wine, ארוסין is a bᵊrãkh•ãhꞋ celebrating betrothal/engagement.
עֵשָׂו [Glos E-J, updated: 2021.03.20]
וַיֵּצֵ֤א הָרִאשׁוֹן֙ אַדְמוֹנִ֔י כֻּלּ֖וֹ כְּאַדֶּ֣רֶת שֵׂעָ֑ר וַיִּקְרְא֥וּ שְׁמ֖וֹ עֵשָֽׂו׃
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| Location of Ë•dōmꞋ about 300 yrs after Ei•sauꞋ |
Ei•sãuꞋ;
Because Ei•sãuꞋ traded his birthright inheritance for a pot of "הָאָדֹם הָאָדֹם" lintel stew (bᵊ-Reish•itꞋ 25.30), he became called אֱדוֹם, patriarch of the אֱדוֹמִי tribe of Arabs.
Sei•irꞋ
As Ei•sãuꞋ was born of the same mother as Ya•a•qovꞋ, yet was an Arab (the Εd•om•iꞋ tribe), Ei•sãuꞋ is proof that simply being born of a Jewish mother or having Jewish DNA isn't sufficient to make one a Jew by the Biblical standard. Abandoning Tōr•ãhꞋ excludes even one born of a Jewish mother from Yi•sᵊr•ã•eilꞋ and from the definition of a Jew.
Because Ya•a•qovꞋ declared to his mother, RiꞋvᵊq•ãh, that
עֵשָׂו
אָחִי
אִישׁ
שָׂעִר
(bᵊ-Reish•itꞋ 27.11, 23), the name שָׂעִיר — goat-like or satyr-like — has also been associated with עֵשָׂו-אֱדוֹם. As a result, עֵשָׂו-אֱדוֹם has been associated with the Greek satyr idol Pan.
אֵשׁ [Glos E-J, updated: 2019.11.08]
eish;
אִשֶּׁה (ish•ëhꞋ); a fire-sacrifice.
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בְּעֵרַת אֵשׁ (fire-making) in antiquity—In ancient times, fire was the central pillar of everyday survival. Every family needed a fire to cook, for light in the evenings and, in winter, for warmth. There was neither electricity, nor matches nor even steel to strike over a flint stone to make a fire. Making fire required rubbing two sticks, or scratching two stones, against each other. If you don't understand the critical need for fire, and how difficult it was to make in antiquity, then you don't understand early Israel at all—and you don’t grasp why the kindling of fire was defined as mᵊlãkh•ãhꞋ prohibited on Sha•bãtꞋ. The man in bᵊ-Mi•dᵊbarꞋ 15.32ff who was executed, was executed for gathering and preparing kindling—mᵊlãkh•ãhꞋ, not for "lighting a fire"! He never even got as far as lighting his fire!
אִישׁ [Glos E-J, updated: 2023.11.14]
ish; In customary usage, though, אֲנָשִׁים (plural of אֱנוׂשׁ) is used as the plural. Contrast with ã•dãmꞋ.
אִשָּׁה (ish•ãhꞋ; a woman, an adult (in Biblical times, ≥12 years old) female human being; synonymous, in ancient times, with: wife). The combinative form is □-אֵֽשֶׁת (eishꞋët-□; woman/wife of…), most popular as the title of a husband's weekly ËrꞋëv Sha•bãtꞋ serenade-chant to his wife: אֵֽשֶׁת-חַ֭יִל ( Mi•shᵊl•eiꞋ ShᵊlōmꞋōh 31.10-31). See video: אֵֽשֶׁת-חַ֭יִל
Contrast with a•rūs•ãhꞋ.
Although etymologists opine, with uncertainty, that אִשָּׁה (woman-wife) is unrelated to אֵשׁ (fire), it seems to stretch credulity that there’s no correlation between woman-wife and the fire within man.
See related:
Further details in my article in Israel Jews News: The Bathroom Wars
עֵז [Glos E-J, updated: 2019.07.23]
Eiz;
Before there was paper money, checks, credit cards or banks, an eiz served as a donation, or payment of a court-imposed fine, equal in today’s currency (2019), to approx. ₪1,100 or U.S. $300.
אֵזוֹב [Glos E-J, updated: 2020.05.05]
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 This is a protected plant in Israel — strictly enforced with large fines. (photo © Martha Modzelevich; flowersinisrael.com) |
ei•zōvꞋ; Arabic زَعْتَر (za•a•tarꞋ).
Incorporated directly from Ta•na"khꞋ into the original PësꞋakh SeiꞋdër, אֵזוֹב was dipped in red wine vinegar to commemorate the original PësꞋakh dipping of אֵזוֹב in the blood of a goat-kid or lamb. The אֵזוֹב was then used to spatter it onto the mᵊzuz•ãhꞋ of every home, so that Par•ohꞋ's soldiers (who were carrying out Par•ohꞋ's decree to check the mᵊzuz•ãhꞋ of every home), would see the blood and assume that the male firstborns in that house had been sacrificed—and pësꞋakh (skip-over) the household without checking further.
This is also why no evidence of the deception (leftover meat, bones, innards or skin) were permitted to remain in the morning. Every part of the evidence had to be eaten, or burned in the fire, that evening. Thus י‑‑ה delivered Bᵊn•eiꞋ-Yi•sᵊrã•eilꞋ from Par•ohꞋ's decree.
During the Hellenist Period, the early rabbis assimilated in Hellenizing אֵזוֹב to ka•rᵊpasꞋ (familiar in the modern PësꞋakh SeiꞋdër).
EJ [Glos_E-J, updated: 2006.04.27]
Encyclopedia Judaica (also Ency. Jud.)
εκκλησια [Glos_E-J, updated: 2011.04.03]
(ek•klæ•siꞋa)
Hellenist Roman (increasingly gentile) church—not a Pᵊrush•imꞋ (= modern Orthodox) בֵּית-הַכְּנֶסֶת of Nᵊtzãr•imꞋ (who were Jews and geir•imꞋ praying according to Tōr•ãhꞋ liturgy; not gentiles).
בֵּית-הַכְּנֶסֶת was Hellenized (see, inter alia, LXX) to συναγωγη (su•na•gō•gæꞋ; anglicized to synagogue).
עֶלְיוֹן [Glos E-J, updated: 2020.08.15]
Ël•yōnꞋ;
אֱלִיל [Glos E-J, updated: 2018.05.21]
ë•lilꞋ, god (e.g., an idol or depiction of a supposed deity).
See Yᵊsha•yãhꞋu 19.1 (…אֱלִילֵי); Yᵊkhë•zᵊq•eilꞋ 34; Yi•rᵊmᵊyãhꞋu 10.21; 23.1-8; 3.15; Zᵊkhar•yãhꞋ 11.16-17 (רֹעִי הָאֱלִיל); as cause of internal schism, see Israel's Main Threat: Schismatic Sinkhole
אֱלִישָׁע [Glos_E-J, updated: 2006.04.27]
Ël•i•shãꞋ,
אֱמֹר [Glos_E-J, updated: 2016.09.28]
Ë•morꞋ, God, and Bashan (or Basan), part of which was subsequently awarded as the eastern half of Mᵊnash•ëhꞋ.
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 Mi•tzᵊraꞋyim & Kᵊna•anꞋ, BCE 1570-1200 |
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 Shi•vᵊt•eiꞋ Yi•sᵊr•ã•eilꞋ |
אֶמֶת [Glos_E-J, updated: 2006.04.27]
Ë•mëtꞋ;
אֱמוּנָה [Glos_E-J, updated: 2006.07.02]
Ë•mūn•ãhꞋ;
The hiph•ilꞋ verb bin•yãnꞋ is הֶאֱמִין (hë•ë•minꞋ; he trusted, he had faith, he believed).
אֶפְרַיִם [Glos_E-J, updated: 2016.11.02]
Ë•phᵊr•aꞋyim;
Ἐπίκουρος/אֶפִּיקוֹרוֹס [Glos E-J, updated: 2018.06.23]
Epikoros; — i.e. the effluence of hedonists, pleasure-seekers, sensualists, narcophiles, erotophiles and libertines — usually nescient. Epikoros shroud their perversions in euphemistic labels: liberals, progressives or "gay"/"pride".
According to Ta•lᵊmudꞋ, "And these are the ones who do not have a portion in hã-Ō•lãmꞋ ha-Bã: He who maintains that there is no resurrection of the dead deriving from the Tōr•ãhꞋ, and [He who maintains] that the Tōr•ãhꞋ is not from the Heavens, and an Epikoros." (MiꞋshᵊnãh, SeiꞋdër-Nezikin, Ma•sëkꞋët Συνέδριον 90a).
In modern Rabbinic usage: primarily any skeptic of rabbinic tradition (i.e. anyone who challenges a rabbi; particularly anyone who bests a rabbi in pi•lᵊpulꞋ) — synonym for Hellenist or "goy•imꞋ". Secondarily, a heretic, agnostic, secular person; infidel, impious person or nescient.
Επιφανιος [Glos_E-J, updated: 2011.03.29]
(Ep•i•phanꞋi•os); Anglicized to Epiphanius)
Christian (Catholic) Bishop of Salamis, Cyprus (c. 315—404 C.E.); born in Judea and educated in the Hellenist center of Egypt; author of "Against Heresies" (Haer.) and Panarion (Pan.); a defender of western Catholicism (Rome) against eastern Catholicism and an antagonist of Origen.
ἐπίσκοπος [Glos_E-J, updated: 2014.06.17]
ë•piꞋskop•os — bishop, pope from epi (over) plus skopos (to watch, to supervise); i.e, , overseer, German übermeister — Romanization, gentilization, mythicization, Christianization, usurpation and counterfeiting of the Hebrew title: פָּקִיד — of the original Nᵊtzãr•imꞋ Jews. While no title is Scripturally attested for Mōsh•ëhꞋ Bën-AmᵊrãmꞋ, This is likely an historic title hearkening back to the more likely title, based on the core verb (פָּקַד) describing the activities, of the former prince of the Egyptian Royal Pharaonic House of Tut-moses 3rd, Par•ohꞋ of the Yᵊtzi•ãhꞋ — Mōsh•ëhꞋ, Pᵊqid•einꞋu.
Ἐπίσκοπος didn't morph into Hellenist (Greek) πάππας (papꞋpas; Pope, Latin form of papa, father) — until the 3rd century CE: "…taken as a title by the Bishop of Alexandria c.250. In Western Church, applied especially to the Bishop of Rome since the time of Leo the Great (440-461) and claimed exclusively by them from 1073".
In other words, the first Pope in Rome was Leo the Great in the middle of the 5th century C.E.!!!
עֶֽרֶב [Glos E-J, updated: 2020.06.15]
ËrꞋëv; from the shōrꞋësh עָרַב.
עוֹשִׂין [Glos E-J, updated: 2021.07.06]
(Aramaic pl.) Ōs•inꞋ;
Solving who the עוֹשִׂים were, and what happened to them, is pretty much the key to unlocking a proper understanding of all events in the Jewish community up to and including 135 CE!
In BCE 165, the brother of the Kō•heinꞋ ha-Jã•dōlꞋ, (himself also a kō•heinꞋ), went to the Syrian Suzerain, Antiochus Epiphanes, and purchased the High Priesthood, displacing his brother.
The Qum•rãnꞋ Tzᵊdōq•imꞋ were called עוֹשִׂין because Aramaic was popular and they were well known (in Hebrew) as the עוֹשִׂים of their interpretation of Oral Law, which was a cognate from this same verb root: מַעֲשֶׂה
The rabbis referred to the עוֹשִׂין (MiꞋshᵊnãh ,Suk•ãhꞋ 5.4) as "חֲסִידִים וְאַנְשֵׁי מַעֲשֶׂה" Although translators generally translate these as two groups behaving as one, there is no reason to think of them as two groups. "Men of the מַעֲשֶׂה" were known to be חֲסִידִים. These were "חֲסִידִים [who were] וְ (also) אַנְשֵׁי מַעֲשֶׂה" — the "Essenes."
In B.C.E. 175, the rabid Hellenist ko•heinꞋ, Yᵊho•shuꞋa Bën-Shim•onꞋ Jr. Bën-Tzã•doqꞋ (Hellenized to Jason), went to Syria, who then ruled over YᵊhudꞋãh, and purchased from king Antiochus IV Epiphanes the office of Ko•heinꞋ ha-Jã•dolꞋ. He thereby usurped his own brother, Yᵊkhon•yãhꞋ Bën-Shim•onꞋ Jr. Bën-Tzã•doqꞋ ha-Ko•heinꞋ (Hellenized to Onias III), who had been Ko•heinꞋ ha-Jã•dolꞋ. Having assumed the office of Ko•heinꞋ ha-Jã•dolꞋ, Yᵊho•shuꞋa Bën-Shim•onꞋ Jr. set about Hellenizing both the office of Ko•heinꞋ ha-Jã•dolꞋ and the Beit ha-Mi•qᵊdãshꞋ. This created a permanent schism in what had formerly been the Kha•sid•imꞋ. The rift developed between the nouveau, Hellenist pseudo-Tzᵊdōq•imꞋ and the original Kha•sid•imꞋ whom they displaced. After the split, the remaining original Kha•sid•imꞋ seem to have been expelled from the Hellenized "Temple" principally to Qum•rãnꞋ, as the "אַנְשֵׁי הַיַחַד," whom the rabbis called עוֹשִׂין.
אֶסְתֵּר [Glos_E-J, Updated: 2024.02.26]
 350x340.gif "Megilat Esteir (nosachteiman.co.il)")
ËsꞋteir, Goddess; by which Persians (modern Iranians) called הֲדַסָּה (Ha•das•ãhꞋ; fem. of "myrtle"), the heroin in the Mᵊgil•atꞋ ΕsꞋteir who lived in the Tᵊphutz•ãhꞋ of West Iran (Susa, Persia).
This name is the same deity as "Ashtarte", Ashtoret, Ishtar, Esotera and Easter). The name is also related to "astral" and astrology.
The Scroll of ËsꞋteir, a book of the Kᵊtuv•imꞋ, is last of the five Megilot.
The Nᵊtzãr•imꞋ prefer to use her Hebrew name, Ha•dasꞋah.
הֲדַס (ha•dasꞋ; "myrtle"; pl. הֲדַסִּים, ha•das•imꞋ) is the "kã•sheirꞋ" (Israeli triple-pinnate myrtle branches) comprising the lu•lãvꞋ.
אֶתרוֹג [Glos E-J, updated: 2018.09.21]
Ët•rōgꞋ;
New research by Orthodox Rabbi Ph.D. David Z. Moster, has documented that, for over 1,000 years after Har Sin•aiꞋ, the Biblical & historical "פְּרִי עֵץ הָדָר" could not possibly have referred to the אֶתרוֹג because the אֶתרוֹג did not exist in Israel until more than 1,000 years later!!!
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| Etrog, fruit of a not-very-majestic tree — which couldn't possibly have meant citrus in Biblical times. |
Recent research from Tel Aviv University revealed that the אֶתרוֹג and lemons were clear status symbols for the ancient Roman ruling elite…”, and that no citrus arrived in the Middle East until a millennium after Har Sin•aiꞋ: in the BCE 5th-4th centuries. Rabbi Moster corroborates that the אֶתרוֹג was first introduced into Israel "at some point during the Second Temple period… The fruit originated in China…. Eventually, the fruit made its way from East Asia to India… From there it traveled to Iran… As the Land of Israel came under Persian control in 539 BCE, the אֶתרוֹג spread [here] as well… the 'product of the goodly tree' [or the 'majestic fruit of the tree'?] became widely seen to refer to the אֶתרוֹג".
So, אֶתרוֹגִּים didn't exist in the Middle East in the Biblical era. Ergo, the rabbinic interpretation of אֶתרוֹגִּים is the one interpretation that cannot have been the Biblically specified פְּרִי עֵץ הָדָר" ('majestic fruit of the tree', wa-Yi•qᵊr•ãꞋ 23.40). Rather, the etrog is yet another item on the list of rabbinic assimilations and reforms — strayings from the pristine Tōr•ãhꞋ.
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 שִׁבְעַת הַמִּינִים |
The overarching importance of the principles of res judicata and stare decisis (i.e. "tradition") virtually dictate that the פְּרִי עֵץ הָדָר be a tree (a priori, neither of the two grain species: wheat or baley) from the שִׁבְעַת הַמִּינִים: ergo, either:
עֵץ הַזַּיִת (olive, fruit or tree). Tōr•ãhꞋ predominantly describes olives not as fruit to be eaten but, rather, to be pressed for its oil, which is strongly associated with the RuꞋakh ha-QoꞋdësh and consecration. The tree is not very large, its leaves small and offers only partial shade. Neither the fruit nor the tree seems a likely candidate for the "majestic tree-fruit."
תָּמָר (date, described by Scripture as a דֶּקֶל, differentiated from an עֵץ and, thereby, disqualified).
תְּאֵנָה (fig, tree or fruit). The fig fruit is sweet and juicy, but small and associated with fertility, not majesty. The fig tree, on the other hand, qualifies as a most majestic tree. But the cantillation of the phrase seems to point to the fruit being majestic, rather than the tree. Man was first clothed by the great leaves of the fig tree. So the fig tree is an arguable, but weak, candidate.
רִמּוֹן (pomegranate: the fruit, majestically crowned with a seven-point crown; not the small, rather spindly, עֵץ, which offers very little shade);
 |
 Majestic תְּאֵנָה tree, fruit and shade; next door backyard, Ra•a•nanꞋã(h). © 2017 Yirmeyahu Ben-David. |
Only the kingly רִמּוֹן wears a majestic crown — extending the principal theme of the preceding High Holidays. So, was the original fruit accompanying the lu•lãvꞋ fig or pomegranate? When there's doubt, logic dictates humility and tolerance of diverse opinions (the opposite of displacing doubt with the arrogance of imposed rabbinic rule).
To folks today, BCE 539 seems like the age of dinosaurs and the ice age. But BCE 539 is more than 1,000 years after י‑‑ה revealed Tōr•ãhꞋ to Mōsh•ëhꞋ at Har Sin•aiꞋ c. BCE . Yet, it wasn't until subsequent to B.C.E. 539 that the rabbis Reformed the interpretation of the Biblical "פְּרִי עֵץ הָדָר" to assimilate to the newly-introduced into Israel אֶתרוֹג. The אֶתרוֹג used by the Tei•mãn•imꞋ Jews is a special variety, different (though hardly discernible visually) from the אֶתרוֹג used by other modern Jews.
Thus, the adoption of the citrus ët•rōgꞋ from the Persians or Romans exposes yet another blatant Ultra-Orthodox rabbinic assimilation Reform (like Babylonian Rōsh ha-Shãn•ãhꞋ, month names, weekday names, the Great (Judean) Συνέδριον, PësꞋakh horseradish, celery and saltwater, use of electricity on Sha•bãtꞋ, etc.)!
If Israel had followed the consensus at Har Sin•aiꞋ (as today's rabbis define Ha•lãkh•ãhꞋ — in direct defiance of Shᵊm•ōtꞋ 23.2), Jews would all be wearing a gold עֵגֶל מַסֵּכָה of Hãt-HōrꞋ for prayers in today's συναγωγή! This is yet another historic and erosive rabbinic assimilation, a corruptive reform that has evolved the gaping chasm between legitimate historical Tōr•ãhꞋ of Mōsh•ëhꞋ at Har Sin•aiꞋ v today's rabbinic laws; which, in addition to being the only viable cause of the Shō•ãhꞋ, has spawned the gaping chasm between today's ≈8% Ultra-Orthodox Kha•reid•iꞋ Israeli Rabbinate and the remaining — 92%! — of the Jewish world around the planet. This centuries-old rabbinic heresy exposes the over-the-horizon straying from the original Tōr•ãhꞋ, which has come to be imposed on Israel by today's Ultra-Orthodox Kha•reid•imꞋ רֹעֵי הָאֱלִיל
Ευσεβιος [Glos_E-J, updated: 2011.03.29]
(Eu•sëbꞋi•os); Anglicized to Eusebius)
(260—340 C.E.) Palestinian-born Greek Hellenist Catholic Christian Church apologist and bishop of Kei•sarꞋi•yah ("Caesarea"), Israel, and earliest extant Church historian; see Eccl. Hist.
Sa•id Ibn-Batriq (Εὐτυχíος) — re: 333 C.E. [Glos E-J, updated: 2018.12.07]
(Ca. 876 C.E. — 940.05.11 C.E.) Egyptian-Arab Catholic Christian patriarch of Alexandria, Egypt. His writings are in Arabic.
“…from the late account of [Sa•id Ibn-Batriq]
Ëv•yōn•imꞋ (not the modern baseless conflated and blurred phrase "Judaeo-Christians") — 9th century C.E. Egyptian-Arab Hellenist (gentile Roman) Christian Said Ibn-Batriq could never have encountered a Nᵊtzãr•imꞋ (who were ousted by the Roman Christians in 135 C.E.,
when they were last documented with certainty some 741 years before Said Ibn-Batriq was born) and, indeed, wouldn't have known what a Nᵊtzãr•imꞋ was! Any Tōr•ãhꞋ-faithful Nᵊtzãr•imꞋ who may have survived the Roman extermination of the royal Davidic yō•khas•inꞋ into the 4th century never mingled in the Hellenist (gentile Roman) miso-Judaic Christian church — which impugned Tōr•ãhꞋ as the "Jewish law of sin and death")! Nor did Nᵊtzãr•imꞋ assimilate the animistic and anthropomorphic spring festival of Ishtar/Esotera (i.e. Easter). Ergo, there were no Nᵊtzãr•imꞋ even present at any Christian church or Easter event. Rather, until they disappeared from the historical record in 135 C.E., Nᵊtzãr•imꞋ had continued to observe PësꞋakh within the Jewish community. There was never any such mixing as the oxymoronic "Judaeo-Christians"; only Hellenist (i.e. apostate) Jews who out-converted to the Hellenist (gentile Roman) miso-Judaic Christian church. 
אֶבֶן-בֹּחַן [Glos_E-J, updated: 2006.04.27]
ËvꞋën Bō•khanꞋ;
In Bible Review (Winter 1986, p. 15), George Howard—Emeritus Head of the Department of Religion and Professor of Religion at the University of Georgia—argues that EB reflects the ancient Hebrew ms. Top scholars increasingly agree that, just as Eu•sëbꞋi•os documented, the original version of The Nᵊtzãr•imꞋ Reconstruction of Hebrew Ma•ti•tᵊyãhꞋu (NHM, in English), note 1.0.1). EB is, as of this writing, the earliest extant complete Hebrew ms. of Ma•tit•yãhꞋu (Hellenized to "Matthew"). Its integrity within the Hebrew-Ma•tit•yãhꞋu tradition remains unresolved (Hellenized to Greek Matthew).
אֶבֶן שֶׁמֶשׁ [Glos_E-J, updated: 2024.10.15]
ËvꞋën shëmꞋësh — stone of the sun(god ):god)stone enabled ancient mariners to navigate the high seas even on overcast days by pinpointing the hidden sun—enabling the navigator to use a sun(dial) compass.
Εβιονιτών / pl. Ἐβιωναῖοι / אֶבְיוֹנִים [Glos_E-J, updated: 2013.09.25]
Ëb•i•ō•naῖꞋoi,
וּמַתָּנוֹת לָאבְיוֹנִים
The language and culture chasm, sharply demonstrated in MMT, between the Pᵊrush•imꞋ (who included RibꞋi Yᵊho•shuꞋa and his original Nᵊtzãr•imꞋ followers) and the Hellenists (including the Roman occupiers and proto-Christians who, after 135 C.E., were syncretized into Christianity), has gone unrecognized. One cannot understand 1st century Judaism without fully grappling with this chasm just as they did.
עֶזֱרָא [Glos E-J, updated: 2021.08.14]
ËꞋzᵊr•ã
עֶזֱרָא הַסוֹפֵר, הַכֹּהֵן returned to Yᵊru•shã•laꞋyim from the Bã•vël•iꞋ Denucleations of BCE 597 & 586, imposing the assimilations of Tōr•ãhꞋ picked up in Babylon by the leading kō•han•imꞋ-aristocracy during their exile.
אֶזְרָח [Glos_E-J, updated: 2013.04.22]
ë•zᵊrãkhꞋ, ). This practice continued until shortly after 135 C.E., when the Romans destroyed all but two of the yu•khas•inꞋ. See also geir.
עֶזרַת יִשׂרָאֵל [Glos_E-J, updated: 2011.04.04]
Ëzᵊr•atꞋ Yi•sᵊ•rã•eilꞋ;
עֶזרַת נָשִׁים, Women's Annex (namely, women's Courtyard, PEMRH: section) — the outer courtyard of the Beit ha-Miq•dãshꞋ'.
Fonts Needed To Display Ancient Languages On The Nᵊtzãr•imꞋ Website [Glos_E-J, updated: 2024.03.19]
Displaying Ancient Hebrew & Cuneiforms— (i.e. NëꞋshan, Akkadian & Sumerian cuneiforms), MSH:; BH: and when and how it frequently differs, sometimes significantly, from MH:; as well as under periods of Egyptian (hieroglyphics) and Persian (cuneiforms) rule and the international pressures of the development of a Mediterranean maritime pidgin accounting language (Linear A & B).
I've used free-download fonts below, found in related Hebrew language history and Wiki websites to display and emphasize (e.g., assimilation) these various language-cultures. To display the various fonts requires that they be downloaded and installed on your computer. (Web searches for these font-families should exclude the semicolon.) If I've missed any font-family, they can be found either in sites (or a Wikipedia page) specializing in the relevant cultures and languages.
) |  common winter wheat 375x500.jpg "Khitim – common winter wheat; Triticum vulgare (aestivum)"){kind=small} |
חִיטִים—common bread wheat or hard wheat.
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כֻּסְמִין —emmer wheat. (PEMRH: contra-historical "spelt".)
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שִׁיפוֹן —spelt wheat. (PEMRH: contra-historical "rye", didn't grow in Biblical Israel.)
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שְׂעוֹרִים—6-rowed barley and 4-rowed barley.
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שִׁיבּוֹלֶת שׁוּעָל—2-rowed barley (Hordeum distichum; PEMRH: contra-historical "oats" didn't grow in Biblical Israel.)
אֵשׁ־פְּלָדֹ֥ת [Glos_E-J, updated: 2023.04.28]
Steel-smelting Fire
"Iron production began in [Kit•imꞋ modern Turkey] about [BCE] 2000… The carbon contents of the early irons ranged from very low (0.07 percent) to high (0.8 percent), the latter constituting a genuine steel." 
…
Interpretations and translations of the phrase אֵשׁ־פְּלָדֹ֥ת (Na•khūmꞋ 2.4) have always assumed that, since steel never existed in Biblical times, some early scribe must have transposed the פ and ל from some garbled form of לַפִּיד (la•pidꞋ, an oil-torch, lamp). But, it turns out, there was steel, and there still is no pre-modern basis for "לפדת".
"In percussion fire making, hard, sharp flint shatters the pyrite surface into microscopic particles, breaking its covalent bonds and releasing heat. Now exposed to atmospheric oxygen, these already hot pyrite particles instantaneously oxidize and release even more heat. Because this heat is released too quickly to dissipate, it forms a shower of visible sparks.
A similar process occurs in flint-steel percussion… When struck with flint, the steel’s [iron] bonds separate, fragmenting the [iron molecule of the steel] and releasing heat. These tiny particles of hot [iron] then contact atmospheric oxygen and undergo complete, instantaneous oxidation, releasing additional heat in the form of visible sparks."
cBCE 613 (Na•khūmꞋ 2.4)—"The shield of [
]'s warriors is made red, the soldiers are coated in crimson, The chariot is בְּאֵשׁ־פְּלָדֹ֥ת on the day of its fitting-out.
 |
 Relic: Vered-Yᵊrikho mild-steel sword, BCE 7th century, 105 cm, Israel Museum (rotated right 90°; Enlargement: replica by Shad Brooks ) |
אַבְנֵי־אֵ֖שׁ [Glos_E-J, updated: 2023.04.24]
xlit;
Yekhez (cBCE 597-570) 28.14 (about Melekh Tzor (12): "[fm v13 … prepared the day you were created.] With a kᵊruv, the thatch-roof anointing [m.n.]; so I've allowed you [m.s.] on Har Qodesh of the gods; you've [m.s.] been strolling among the אַבְנֵי־אֵ֖שׁ .
גָדוֹל [Glos_E-J, updated: 2016.04.19]
Gã•dōlꞋ
When prefixed by the specifier, ה (hã-; "the"), the גָדוֹל (gã•dolꞋ) receives a dã•geishꞋ, which Tei•mãn•imꞋ pronounce "j" rather than "g" (like other Israelis): hã-Jã•dolꞋ.
גָּלוּת 
[Glos_E-J, updated: 2006.04.27]
Gãl•utꞋ;
גַּמְלִיאֵל הַזָּקֵן — הַנָשִׂיא [Glos E-J, updated: 2023.03.23]
Ja•mᵊl•i•eilꞋ ha-Za•qeinꞋ, ha-Nã•siꞋ,, 1st century C.E. grandson of Hi•leilꞋ ha-Za•qeinꞋ ha-Bã•vᵊl•iꞋ.
גַּן [Glos E-J, updated: 2018.11.13]
Gan; garden-grove (of date palms). NH: kindergarten (short for גַּן-יְלַדִים).
גִּנָּה (gin•ãhꞋ; garden).
גַן-עֵדֶן [Glos_E-J, updated: 2010.12.09]
Gan EiꞋdën;
The Biblical description locates Gan EiꞋdën at an intersection of rivers that, today, could only be located on the seabed in the vicinity of the Persian Gulf, The Gulf of Oman, the Arabian Sea and, not "coincidentally", the Gulf of "Aden", off the coast of "Aden.".
Interestingly, Jeffrey Rose, an archeologist from the University of Birmingham in the U.K. has discovered evidence of an ancient civilization—under the Persian Gulf. "…this 'Persian Gulf Oasis' may have been host to humans for over 100,000 years before it was swallowed up by the Indian Ocean around 8,000 years ago… Historical sea level data show that, prior to the flood, the Gulf basin would have been above water beginning about 75,000 years ago. And it would have been an ideal refuge from the harsh deserts surrounding it, with fresh water supplied by the Tigris, Euphrates, Karun, and Wadi Baton Rivers, as well as by underground springs."
גַן גַת שְׁמָנִים [Glos_E-J, updated: 2013.02.24]
גָאוֹן [Glos E-J, updated: 2021.11.01]
gã•ōnꞋ; 1 glory, majesty; 2 pride, haughtiness; PEMRH: genius; pl. גְאוֹנִים (gᵊ•ōn•imꞋ; PEMRH:: heads of Jewish academies, 7th- 11th centuries C.E.
גְּדִי [Glos E-J, updated: 2019.06.01]
 350x258.jpg "Gedi (kid)") |
 815x600.jpg "Click to enlarge"){kind=small} Gᵊdi |
gᵊdi;
Before there was paper money, checks, credit cards or banks, a gᵊdi served as a donation, or payment of a court-imposed fine, equal in today’s currency (2019), to approx. ₪1100 or U.S. $300.
גֵּיא-הִנֹּם also גֵיהִנּוֹם [Glos_E-J, updated: 2017.12.15]
 0350x225.png "Gei-Hinom (Hinom Ravine)") |
 0800x530.png "Click to enlarge"){kind=small} Gei-Hi•nōmꞋ (Bridal-Couch Ravine; top yellow line) |
Gei-Hi•nōmꞋ "; the ravine running along the west (far) side of Yᵊru•shã•laꞋyim (top yellow line) from NW to SE (right-to-left) to the southernmost tip of Ir Dã•widꞋ, where it intersects with NaꞋkhal Qi•dᵊrōnꞋ at ancient תֹפֶת; and from there southeast to Beit LëkhꞋëm.
The intersection of Gei-Hi•nōmꞋ with NaꞋkhal Qi•dᵊrōnꞋ, in the valley below the southernmost tip of Ir Dã•widꞋ, is the ancient site of תֹפֶת.
None of the popular conceptions of "hell" originated in the Bible. The only Biblical (Ta•na"khꞋ Hebrew) word even mistranslated as "hell" in the Christian KJ/V of 1611 C.E. Greek Textus Receptus rewrite of Καινής Διαθήκης, is שְׁאוֹל.
גֵּר [Glos E-J, updated: 2021.04.03]
Geir
Though there have always been persons who convert (Avᵊrã•hãmꞋ being the first we know), there has never been such thing in ancient (or, therefore, in modern) Am Yi•sᵊr•ã•eilꞋ as a "convert"! A person who converts is a straight-up Bën-Yi•sᵊr•ã•eilꞋ, a Jew, not a convert—and no different, whatsoever, from "born Jews" (who, if they do not take on the practice of Tōr•ãhꞋ at their Bar-Mi•tzᵊwãhꞋ age, are no longer "presumed Jewish"; becoming goy•imꞋ)! From the time of Ei•sauꞋ (Israel's twin brother, of the same mother), true Tōr•ãhꞋ has never, ever been a racist/genetic/DNA/maternal nor paternal thing in legitimate Tōr•ãhꞋ teaching or Israel! Moreover, once converted, the Jew (!) is no longer a geir!
When asked by a gentile to be converted while the RabꞋi stood on one foot, RabꞋi Hi•leilꞋ replied: "That which you eschew, don’t inflict on your fellow! That's the entirety of Tōr•ãhꞋ. What remains is pei•rush•ãhꞋ. Now, go-weave
29 C.E. — RibꞋi Yᵊho•shuꞋa
Hillside Address At Yãm Ki•nërꞋët
Everything you wish that persons
"Even a geir who was not examined, or who was not informed of the mi•tzᵊw•ōtꞋ and their punishments, but was administered the Bᵊrit Mil•ãhꞋ and immersed in the presence of three הִדְיוֹטוֹת — then nevertheless indeed, he is a geir. Even if it is known that he converted for some ulterior motive, inasmuch as he has been administered the Bᵊrit Mil•ãhꞋ and immersed, he has made the Yᵊtzi•ãhꞋ from the goy•imꞋ population, and we are concerned for him until his tzi•dᵊq•utꞋ is clarified. Even if he reverted and worshiped idols, indeed, he is like an apostate of Yi•sᵊr•ã•eilꞋ. If he makes קִדּוּשִׁין, they are קִדּוּשִׁין, and the mi•tzᵊwãhꞋ to return an article he lost applies to him. After having been administered the Bᵊrit Mil•ãhꞋ, he has become like Yi•sᵊr•ã•eilꞋ." (Ram•ba"mꞋ, Mi•shᵊn•ëhꞋ Tōr•ãhꞋ, Qᵊdush•ãhꞋ, Hi•lᵊkh•ōtꞋ-I•sūr•eiꞋ-Bi•ãhꞋ 13.17).
Everyone (!) today involved in reforming this 3¼+ millennia historical practice to disenfranchise even one Jew, anywhere in the world, as defined by this ancient standard is a kōphꞋër!!! No one today has authority to overturn this Ha•lãkh•ãhꞋ/Tōr•ãhꞋ, which has stood from long before the time of Mōsh•ëhꞋ at Har Sin•aiꞋ until long after Ram•ba"mꞋ. The Nᵊtzãr•imꞋ practice, and herald, this standard.
"You shall not taunt or oppress a geir, for you were geir•im in Egypt. You shall not cause pain to any widow or orphan. If you dare cause any [of these] pain, if he shall cry out to Me, I shall absolutely hear his outcry. My wrath shall blaze and I shall kill you by the sword, and your wives shall be the widows and your children the orphans." (Shᵊm•otꞋ 22.12, 20-23).
"You shall not boil
This teaching was considered so grave and imperative that, to remind us every time we eat, Jews are forbidden to eat khã•lãvꞋ with bã•sãrꞋ together. This is interpreted to include: Jews always separating the two — from storage to their respective dishes, utensils, pots & pans, dish-washing sinks, cloths, towels & dish-washing machines, etc. This is to remind us, every time we touch anything having to do with food or eating, of the priority—immediately following command to serve only י‑‑ה—and gravity of this command.
A geir who converts comes out of the mi•qᵊwëhꞋ a newly-born Yᵊhud•i(t)Ꞌ (Jew(ess)), then the same as any other Jew, not any longer a "convert"! While there are Jews who did convert, they are, afterward, Jews, no longer "converts" — and Ta•lᵊmudꞋ forbids any referencing to their conversion or their pre-conversion past as "boiling the kid in its mother's milk" — even appending "Bën-Avᵊrã•hãmꞋ " when calling such a person to read Tōr•ãhꞋ transgresses Tōr•ãhꞋ! Such Jews are not to be celebrated as different in any way, including not as trophy "converts"! Nor does the marriage restrictions of a geir any longer apply to them after conversion.
Another implication is that all non-Jews in Israel are geir•imꞋ and every Jew outside of Israel is, like Avᵊrã•hãmꞋ was in Mi•tzᵊraꞋyim, a geirꞋ wherever they live outside of Israel.
Geir is one of 10 categories of persons inscribed in the yu•khas•inꞋ (public genealogy registries of Yi•sᵊrã•eilꞋ; Ma•sëkꞋët Qi•dush•inꞋ 69a-b; see detailed explanation in Atonement In the Biblical 'New Covenant' (ABNC)).
Onᵊqᵊlos illuminates some of the range of meaning of גֵּר in his Aramaic Tar•gumꞋ of Shᵊm•otꞋ 21.20, translating גִּיּוֹרָא in the first instance, but דַּיָּיר in the last instance. When "sojourning" outside of Israel, the Jew is a geir ("Diaspora Jew" – Homey Or Geir?)
The Biblical — and Ram•ba"mꞋ — definition of גֵּר (i.e., before Medieval European — in contrast to Har Sin•aiꞋ — reforms) referred to an in-training, exclusively pre-conversion, non-Jew proselyte-candidate. The reason that the Kha•khãm•imꞋ of Ta•lᵊmudꞋ described such a wide (and otherwise contradictory) range of practices for geir•imꞋ is because they were describing geir•imꞋ in various stages of learning, from day-one (knowing nothing except the threshhold ShëvꞋa Mi•tzᵊw•ōtꞋ Bᵊn•eiꞋ NōꞋakh) until fully knowledgeable, practicing and ready for conversion.
"It was only during the later [Beit ha-Mi•qᵊdãshꞋ ha-Shein•iꞋ] period that a sharp distinction and a barrier of separation was erected between the Jew and the gentile… In addition to [animism and anthropomorphism] the low moral, social, and ethical standards of the surrounding gentiles were continually emphasized, and social contact with them was regarded as being a pernicious social and moral influence… Only considerations of humanity, such as relief of their poor, visiting the sick, affording them last rites (Ma•sëkꞋët Git•inꞋ 61a) and discretion… were reasons for breaking the otherwise impenetrable barrier."
גֵט [Glos_E-J, updated: 2007.03.07]
Geit (corrupted to "get");
גמ"ח [Glos_E-J, updated: 2007.03.07]
Gᵊma"kh,
גְמָרָא [Glos_E-J, updated: 2012.01.27]
Gᵊmãr•ãꞋ;
גְּנִיזָה [Glos_E-J, updated: 2006.04.27]
Gᵊniz•ãhꞋ
גָּלַל [Glos E-J, updated: 2021.06.02]
 250x302.png "Galil") |
 967x1168.png "Click to enlarge"){kind=small} |
גָּלַל
גָּלְגֵּל (pãl•peilꞋ of גָּלַל) — to roll, scroll, furl, unroll, unscroll, unfurl (especially a scroll)
גַּלְגַּל (from pãl•peilꞋ of גָּלַל) — a roller, axle, pulley or gear; a cycle
גִּלְגּוּל (verbal n. of גָּלְגֵּל) — rolling, scrolling, furling, unrolling, unscrolling, unfurling.
גִּלּוּלִ, pl. גִּלּוּלִים (derives from גָּלָל) — a roll or ball of dung. Vowelized like shi•qūtzꞋ (i.e. gi•lūlꞋ), a dysphemism for idol.
גָּלִיל (derives from גָּלָל) — rolling (hills); Hellenized then Anglicized to "Galilee"
See also synonym אוֹפֵן
Γερουσία [Glos_E-J, updated: 2011.04.01]
Gerousia; Senate. A council of elders (from [γερων] gerōn, an old man, a term which early assumed a political sense among the Greeks, the notion of age being merged in that of dignity)" (Vine, W.E., An Expository Dictionary of New Testament Words (Iowa Falls, Iowa: Riverside Book and Bible House, [no date], p. 1014). This was the Hellenist term for the Zᵊqan•imꞋ.
גִימַטרִיָּה [Glos_E-J, updated: 2006.04.27]
Gi•ma•tri•yãhꞋ;
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א (ãlꞋëph) =1 ב (beit) = 2 ג (giꞋmël) = 3 ד (dãlꞋët) = 4 ה (hei) = 5 ו (wãw (vãv)) = 6 ז (zayꞋin) = 7 ח (kheit) = 8 |
ט (teit) = 9 י (yud) = 10 כ/ך (kaph/kaph soph•itꞋ) = 20 ל (lãmꞋëd) = 30 מ/ם (mëm/mëm soph•itꞋ) = 40 נ/ן (nun/nun soph•itꞋ) = 50 ס (sãmꞋëkh) = 60 |
ע (ayꞋin) = 70 פ/ף (pei/pei soph•itꞋ) = 80 צ/ץ (tzãdꞋëh/tzadëh soph•itꞋ) = 90 ק (quph) = 100 ר (rësh) = 200 ש (shin/sin) = 300 ת (tãw (tãv)) = 400 |
See also Si•mãnꞋ and Biblical numerology.
גִּבּוׂר [Glos_E-J, updated: 2022.04.20]
Ji•bōrꞋ (Gi•bōrꞋ);
גָּד [Glos_E-J, updated: 2015.10.26]
, skygod Amun-Ra Zeus Jupiter 0350x422.jpg "god (fate, destiny), skygod Amun-Ra Zeus Jupiter") |
, skygod Amun-Ra Zeus Jupiter 1464x1766.jpg "Click to enlarge"){kind=small} |
God Gãd, god and gãd), see also god; sky & lightning god of fate, destiny — associated sacred animal is the eagle (often holding a thunderbolt in its talons), and sacred tree is the oak; evolved from the ram-headed Egyptian Amun-Ra, later evolved into Hellenist Ζεύς (Roman Jupiter); origin of English "God"; also name of Ya•a•qovꞋ's 7th son (mother: Zi•lᵊp•ãhꞋ, LeiꞋãh's maid).
The kᵊtiv of bᵊ-Reish•itꞋ 30.11, בגד, means "by God!," similar to the form לַגַּד (la•gadꞋ; for God) in Yᵊsha•yãhꞋu 65.11 (in contrast to the qᵊrei of bᵊ-Reish•itꞋ 30.11, בּׂא גָד (bō gãd; [sky-]god comes!).
The form גַּדִּי (Gad•iꞋ; "My God") is found in bᵊ-Mi•dᵊbarꞋ 13.10-11.
The cognate גְּדִי (gᵊdi; goat-kid) perhaps led to the association, with the adoption of some features (e.g., the ram's horns) of the Egyptian idol, Amun-Ra = Ammon, as in Ammonites = Amman, origin of the name of the capital of Jordan.
As the deity of the sky & lightning, גָּד ≡ I•yovꞋ ≡ Jove ≡ (Anglicized to "Job") was regarded as the chief god. Later, גָּד evolved (Hellenized by the Greeks) to Ζεύς and Roman (Latinized directly from Jove to) Jupiter.
For heirs of Avᵊrã•hãmꞋ, Yi•tzᵊkhãqꞋ and Yi•sᵊr•ã•eilꞋ, י‑‑ה has always been our Only "Ël•oh•imꞋ" (see the Shᵊm•aꞋ).
עַזָּה [Glos_E-J, updated: 2022.07.05]
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 Port AhꞋzãh (city), BCE 13th century Mediterranean "Sea Peoples" |
Port AhꞋzãh (city)
God-stone (Iron Pyrite) [Glos_E-J, updated: 2024.09.21]
 350x350.png "FeS₂ (iron pyrite)") |
 950x950.png "Click to enlarge"){kind=small} FeS₂ (iron pyrite) nodule— |
Iron Pyrite — FeS₂ (iron disulfide)—the God-stone!
Pyrite literally means spark, fire stone: πυρίτης (λίθος)!
Because it produced sparks of fire/light when struck by flint, ancients believed that pyrite was believed to be flakes of inherently supernatural gods-flesh!
גּׂאֵל or גּוֹאֵל [Glos E-J, updated: 2023.04.13]
Jō•eilꞋ (modern Israeli pronunciation: gō•eilꞋ)
גוֹאֵל derives from the verb גָאַל (ga•alꞋ); he vindicated, requited, avenged or executed retribution (on behalf of…).
גוֹאֵל הַדָּם (jō•eilꞋ ha-dãm) means "vindicator or requiter (i.e. avenger) of blood", one who executes blood vengeance.
גוֹאֵל יִשְׂרָאֵל (jō•eilꞋ Yi•sᵊr•ã•eilꞋ) means "vindicator or requiter (i.e. avenger) of Yi•sᵊr•ã•eilꞋ."
גְּאוּלָה (jᵊūl•ãhꞋ), a fem. noun, means restorative (redeeming) vindicating or requiting (e.g., reacquiring a previously-owned field—the case of the land of Yis•rã•eilꞋ today—or purchasing the freedom of an enslaved relative—the case of the people of Yis•rã•eilꞋ today); especially the redeeming retaliation and retribution—Vengeance—of י‑‑ה, on behalf of His kindred Israel, against the Goy•imꞋ, i.e. the 'Day of י--ה,' the 'Last Day' and the Great Day of His mi•shᵊpãtꞋ—which is the definition of Israel's redemption. Over centuries of persecution by the Church, translators have been cowed into neutralizing the translation גְאוּלָה to the misleading "Day of Redemption" rather than the correct 'Day of the Vengeance of י--ה' against the Goy•imꞋ.
See also pãd•ãhꞋ redeem(er) / ransom(er).
גּוֹג [Glos E-J, updated: 2024.03.29]
Jōg (popularly, "Gog"), "roof" (cryptically & metaphorically);
גֹּלֶם / גּוֹלֶם [Glos E-J, updated: 2021.08.21]
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| Prague reproduction of a Golem |
GōꞋlëm (pl. גְלָמִים);
(a hapax legomenon) a pupa; inchoate object or amorphous mass.
human-like figure formed from mud or clay (imitating the creation of ã•dãmꞋ), purportedly supernaturally enlivened by an Orthodox rabbi, through Orthodox rabbinic sorcery/wizardry, into a zombie-like, totally subservient and obedient, humanoid automaton.Several Medieval (16th century CE) European Ash•kᵊnazꞋim, Kha•sid•imꞋ Ultra-Orthodox QaꞋbãlist mystic rabbis; most notably the Rabbi Eliyahu "BaꞋal Sheim" in Chelm, Poland; the "Maharal", Rabbi Loew, in Prague, Czech Republic; and the 18th century CE "Vilna Gaon" Rabbi Zalman of Vilnius, Lithuania claimed to have demonstrated mastery of the Name (BaꞋal Sheim) to create and enliven a gōꞋlëm.
גֹּשֶׁן [Glos E-J, updated: 2018.02.28]
GōshꞋën — i.e. גּוּשׁין.
גּוֹי [Glos E-J, updated: 2019.10.31]
Goy; peoples). Contrast with ã•reilꞋ (gentile).
Tōr•ãhꞋ refers to Yi•sᵊr•ã•eilꞋ as a goy in bᵊ-Reish•itꞋ 35.11-12 et al.) Nevertheless, the term specific to the Jewish people is עַם.
Modern Hebrew utilizes “non-Jew”; i.e. לֹא יְהוּדִי (lō Yᵊhūd•iꞋ); pl., לֹא יְהוּדִים (lō Yᵊhūd•imꞋ).
Generally used in the plural, although goy•imꞋ (the peoples) includes Yᵊhūd•imꞋ as a goy, the term is generally used by Yᵊhūd•imꞋ to refer to "the [other] peoples" (in contrast to Yᵊhūd•imꞋ as a goy). Hence, the universally popular misuse.
The use of גּוֹיָה (goy•ãhꞋ) for a “gentile woman” is a modern Hebrew innovation unknown in earlier Hebrew.
ה [Glos_E-J, updated: 2006.04.27]
ha- or hã- prefix (depending upon the subsequent letter); "the…"
הַדְלָקַת נֵרוֹת [Glos E-J, updated: 2020.07.01]
Ha•dᵊlãq•atꞋ Neir•ōtꞋ; (≈18 min. before sunset), last preparation before Sha•bãtꞋ.
The women of the household, first light the נֵר (to avoid lighting a fire on Sha•bãtꞋ), then inaugurate the observance of Sha•bãtꞋ by reciting:
בָּרוּךְ… לְהַדְלִיק נֵר שֶׁל שַׁבָּת
הַגָּדָה [Glos E-J, updated: 2023.12.05]
Ha•gãd•ãhꞋ;
an erudite primer, narration or elaboration (hiph•ilꞋ verbal f.n. of נָגַד; the original, pre-HH, meaning paralleling the Aramaic cognate verb root נְגַד\נְגִיד and sharing its meaning: to pull oneself up to leadership, to be high or conspicuous; to draw, attract, drag or pull; to lead.
In HH being opposite in position (i.e. face-to-face, across the table—or valley—from) acquired the transgarblation of contrariness; to be contrary, against, contradictory. Today, the cognate preposition is נֶגֶד.
That the PësꞋakh Ha•gãd•ãhꞋ clearly follows the BH: definition, and serves as the menu for the PësꞋakh SeiꞋdër, testifies to its pre-Hellenist ancient provenance.
I've completed research and uploaded (2023.12) a no-fable, science-compatible, historical Ha•gãd•ãhꞋ for tablets and similar devices. (While Orthodox rabbis prohibit electricity on holy days—including tablets, phones & similar devices, citing prohibition of fire—oil lamps and candles—on holy days because fire required mᵊlãkh•ãhꞋ, equating fire with electricity contradicts science/reality and, historically, is a 20th century (CE) Orthodox rabbinic assimilation. In today's world, the supply of electricity is pi•qūꞋakh nëphꞋësh, and an essential enabler of learning=Light (Bᵊn•æꞋ-Ōr).
To access this Ha•gãd•ãhꞋ go to the following link and click the "next" arrow-button beneath the cover photo: 
הֲלָכָה [Glos_E-J, updated: 2017.12.18]
Ha•lãkh•ãhꞋ,
In the 1st century there were three, and only three, interpretations of Oral Law recognized by the Beit Din hã-Gã•dōlꞋ—which was the ultimate and undisputed earthly Judaic authority:
The interpretations of the Qū•mᵊr•ãnꞋ Kha•sid•imꞋ Bᵊn•eiꞋ Tzã•dōqꞋ ko•han•imꞋ Tzᵊdōq•imꞋ, who called their Oral Law interpretations Ma•a•sëhꞋ. (These genuine Tzᵊdōq•imꞋ were usurped and expelled from the Beit ha-Mi•qᵊdãshꞋ by the Hellenist Pseudo-Tzᵊdōq•imꞋ.)
The interpretations of the Roman-vassal Hellenist Pseudo-Tzᵊdōq•imꞋ of the Beit ha-Mi•qᵊdãshꞋ in Yᵊru•shã•laꞋyim, who called their Oral Law interpretations—which they codified in an attempt to terminate oral transmission by the other two min•imꞋ—their "Χειρόγραφον τοῖς Δόγμασιν"
The interpretations of the Pᵊrush•imꞋ, who called their Oral Law discussions Ta•lᵊmudꞋ; and their resulting interpretational verdicts derived therefrom, the interpretational verdicts endorsed by historical RibꞋi Yᵊho•shuꞋa: Ha•lãkh•ãhꞋ.
Ergo, Ha•lãkh•ãhꞋ is the Pᵊrush•imꞋ compendium of interpretations of Tōr•ãhꞋ shë-bᵊ-al-pëhꞋ based on the discussions recorded in Ta•lᵊmudꞋ.
הַלֵּל [Glos E-J, updated: 2020.05.18]
Ha•leilꞋ
הַלֵּל מִצְרִי (Tᵊhil•imꞋ 113-114)
הַלֵּל (Tᵊhil•imꞋ 115-118)
הַלֵּל הַגָּדוֹל (Tᵊhil•imꞋ 136)
הֻפעַל / הוֹפעַל [Glos_E-J, updated: 2006.04.27]
huph•alꞋ;
הַפטָרָה [Glos_E-J, updated: 2012.07.22]
Haph•tãr•ãhꞋ
Notice that this is not a cognate of Tōr•ãhꞋ; not a "half-Torah."
הַקָּפוֹת [Glos_E-J, updated: 2006.04.27]
(pl. of הַקָּפָה) Ha•qãph•ōtꞋ;
הַר .[Glos_E-J, updated: 2017.12.04]
Har; mountain,
Har Sin•aiꞋ
Other mountains:
שֵׁם [Glos E-J, updated: 2024.11.16]
shæm
(Existant — Contemporary mystic cultists who fixate on the perfect, original pronunciation of "the Name" are buried in the mindset of Dark Ages sorcerers' belEnglish-Translated Nameiefs in the magical power of perfectly enunciated incantations. The documented facts are that, from the time of Avᵊrã•hãmꞋ (c BCE 2039 ), when mankind was still developing the first written alephbeit, until the Masoretes first inserted vowels, accents and punctuation (e.g., יְהֹוָ֨ה ) after the 7th century CE— ≈3 millennia of assimilations later— no vowels were written. Audio recordings hadn't been invented so pronunciation was entirely dependent upon hearing the word—spoken by a Kᵊna•an•iꞋ or Israeli (Jews were only one of the 12 tribes of Yi•sᵊr•ã•eilꞋ). That also means the Masoretic vowels, upon which all modern researchers depend, reflect not original pronunciation but linguistic evolution nearly 3 millennia after the fact! And the Masoretes depended entirely upon context enhanced by Ta•lᵊmūdꞋ (itself codified only in the 5th century CE, only ≈2 centuries before themselves)! More recent researchers have resources (Dead Sea Scrolls, archeological information, etc.) to determine context (and resulting vowelization) that were undiscovered in the time of the Masoretes.
From the beginning, Avᵊrã•hãmꞋ and his descendants, including Mōsh•ëhꞋ at Har Sin•aiꞋ, prohibited only desecrating the Name, pronouncing (later Middle-Semitic 
, now Modern יהוה), both aloud in praise-prayer and in sworn testimony for almost 2 millennia—until cBCE 169, when Hellenist Syrian king Antiochus Epiphanes decreed his prohibition against speaking aloud the Name of any non-Hellenist god. As Yi•sᵊr•ã•eil´ had earlier done during the Babylonian Exile, they eventually rationalized why they were practicing the religious changes that foreign rulers had imposed upon them—internalizing (assimilating) the rationalizations as having been rabbinically-derived; ergo, rabbinic tradition overriding the Principles of Ta•n״kh´.
Mōsh•ëh´ prohibited any explanatory or rival books (Dᵊvãr•im´ 13.1), intending that Ta•n״kh´ Principles be updated to contemporary knowledge (science) in every generation by "stare decisis" directly from Ta•n״kh´. Instead, however, rather than update directly from Ta•n״kh´ as advancing knowledge and civilization presents new and different legal challenges, the rabbis have enshrined generations of Stone Age stare decisis (Ta•lᵊmūd´ & Mi•dᵊrãsh´), which they insist has precedence over Ta•n״kh´!!!
הַשְׂכָּלָה [Glos E-J, updated: 2018.05.16]
hasᵊkãl•ãhꞋ
BH: prudent, judicious (verbal n. of שׂכל).
PBH erudition, intelligence.
NH: culture, the Enlightenment movement.
מַשְׂכִּיל (MasᵊkilꞋ; a luminary, enlightened one, an enlightener), adj. & n.; pl. מַשְׂכִּילִים (Masᵊkil•imꞋ).
הַבדָלָה [Glos_E-J, updated: 2016.07.05]
 350x233.jpg "Yemen Myrrh tree (Commiphora myrrha)") |
 600x400.jpg "Click to enlarge"){kind=small} Yemen Myrrh tree (Commiphora myrrha) |
Hav•dã;l•ãhꞋ;
The liturgy concluding Shab•ãtꞋ that differentiates between Shab•ãtꞋ and the profane (ordinary) days of the week.
Based on wa-Yi•qrãꞋ 10.10; 11.47, et al., the cognate לְהַבדִיל (lᵊ-Hav•dilꞋ; to differentiate) often used to differentiate holy discussion from profane matters.
Authentic Tei•mãn•imꞋ Hav•dãl•ãhꞋ doesn't make use of a typical Ash•kᵊnazꞋi "Havdalah Set." They do not use a spice box. Instead, they hold a sprig of fresh ha•dasꞋ in one hand and the Qi•dushꞋ cup in the other (switching to the right hand according to which bᵊrãkh•ãhꞋ is being recited — תכלאל). In Tei•mãnꞋ, they held incense, probably myrrh. — קפאח, יוסף, הליכות תימן - חיי היהודים בצנעא ובנותיה (ירושלים: מכון בן-צבי ו"קרית ספר" בע''מ, תשס"ז)
[Glos E-J, updated: 2020.05.15]
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 חוויאג' לִמְרַק |
חוויאג' Yemenite spice mixture Basic recipe (adjust and refine to personal taste over time):
Mix ingredients. Makes about 1/2 cup
הֶדְיוֹט [Glos E-J, updated: 2021.02.15]
hë•dᵊyōtꞋ;
Ἅγιος Ἡγήσιππος [Glos_E-J, updated: 2011.03.29]
(Æ•gæꞋsip•pos); Anglicized to Hegesippus
(ca. 110—ca.180 C.E.), wrote ca. 174-180 C.E. but is only extant through quotations (redacted) by later Christians, the earliest of whom was Eu•sëbꞋi•os (325-339 C.E.). Contrary to accounts of gentile Roman Christians, centuries later, who knew no Hebrew whatsoever, we can be reasonably sure this Hellenist quoted from the Greek LXX), ÆgæꞋsippos may have been an apostate (i.e., Hellenist) Jew (ÆgæꞋsippos being a Hellenist Greek, not Judaic name) who converted to the foetal Christian Hellenist Gentile Catholic Church.
"According to Eu•sëbꞋi•os, he was by birth a Jew; and though this is only an induction on the part of Eu•sëbꞋi•os, it may be accepted as true." (jewishencyclopedia.com, 2011.03.29). In any case, he was perhaps the earliest Hellenist Roman Christian chronicler. His works, however, are lost excepting some passages (redacted and) quoted by Eu•sëbꞋi•os and known to Ierōnumos. ("Hegesippus (1)," Smith & Wace, "A Dictionary of Christian Biography," II:875ff.)
הֵיכָל [Glos_E-J, updated: 2024.03.16]
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 Beit ha-Mi•qᵊdãshꞋ of ShᵊlōmꞋōh (archaeological sketch, Leen Ritmeyer) |
Hei•khãlꞋ— (middle sanctuary, Ency. Jud. 15.946) of the Beit ha-Miq•dãshꞋ; popularly Hellenized-Anglicized to "Temple."
הֶכְשֵׁר [Glos_E-J, updated: 2012.01.30]
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hë•khᵊsheirꞋ;
(The proper phrase is תְּעוּדַת כַּשְׁרוּת.)
Ἑλληνισμός [Glos_E-J, updated: 2022.07.08]
Hellenism;
When 20th century CE archaeologists realized that Hellenism long predated Alexander the Great (BCE 356–23), rather than correct the misconception, they promulgated the error by coining a different term ("Helladic") to refer to pre-Alexandrian Hellenism. This encourages the erroneously notion that before Alexander's first campaign in BCE 335, Hellenism didn't exist—and, therefore, didn't impact Judaism or Jews. This website will eliminate that 20th century CE archaeologist-created false notion by using Hellenism & Hellenist in all such cases, not "Helladic".
See also the BCE 175 Ἀντίοχος 4th ὁ Ἐπιφανής "abomination of desolation" Hellenization of the Kō•heinꞋ ha-RëshꞋa and Beit ha-Mi•qᵊdãshꞋ of ZᵊrūꞋ-Bã•vëlꞋ Hellenized by the Tzᵊdōq•imꞋ to "Temple".
Ἡρῴδης [Glos_E-J, updated: 2024.04.20]
Ær•ōꞋdæs (Anglicized to Herod);
Hi•leilꞋ Sr. Sr., "the Babylonian" in Bã•vëlꞋ, in the latter half of the B.C.E. 1st-century, Hi•leilꞋ Sr. migrated as an adult to Yᵊru•shã•laꞋyim in YᵊhūdꞋãh, where he died 10 CE.
(Main Course Sandwich In the PësꞋakh SæꞋdër)The "Hileil" was derived from bᵊMi•dᵊbarꞋ 9.11, commanding Yi•sᵊr•ã•eilꞋ to eat the PësꞋakh "on Matz•ōtꞋ and Mã•rōr•imꞋ (pl., i.e. leaves).
Rabbis argued that there is no longer a "Pesakh sacrifice", therefore, we aren't permitted to eat a Scripture-stipulated male yearling sëh "sacrifice" in the SæꞋdër. So the rabbis substituted DūkꞋã, European kha•rōꞋsët, and the like in the "sandwich". However, there's more than one logical error in their reasoning:
The original PësꞋakh "שֶׂ֥ה תָמִ֛ים זָכָ֥ר בֶּן־שָׁנָ֖ה" was a ruse—not a legitimate sacrifice! Stipulation of a male yearling sëh if found nowhere else in Ta•na״khꞋ! Avᵊrã•hãmꞋ had repudiated child sacrifice at the A•qeid•ãhꞋ! There is no instance in Ta•na״khꞋ of any legitimate male yearling sëh" sacrifice in Ta•na״khꞋ! The PësꞋakh was nothing more than a ruse to fool Par•ōhꞋ YakhꞋū-Mōses, That it's a "male yearling" is to remind us that sacrifice of our firstborn male sons between the ages of 1 & 2 years old was repudiated from the get-go, by Avᵊrã•hãmꞋ at the A•qeid•ãhꞋ, and how יְהוָׂה {Existant} delivered Yi•sᵊr•ã•eilꞋ from Par•ōhꞋ YakhꞋū-Mōses, by a PësꞋakh sëh!
Even if PësꞋakh had been a legitimate sacrifice, Yi•sᵊr•ã•eilꞋ would not have been permitted to sacrifice, at the command of a foreign ruler, to a foreign god!!! There is no precedent in Ta•na״khꞋ for any legitimate PësꞋakh "sacrifice"! A fortiori, to conclude from the premise that "it was a sacrifice" that a non-sacrifice PësꞋakh must be prohibited would be ex falso quodlibet!
Therefore, any substitution of kha•rōꞋsët, etc. instead of eating a PësꞋakh commemoration is failure to keep the mi•tzᵊwãhꞋ!
In History vs Tradition The rabbis downplay a number of significant facts:
The Last Zūg began with,
Hellenist Tzᵊdōq•iꞋ Sha•maiꞋ Sr., the kō•heinꞋ /Tzᵊdōq•imꞋ contingent, initial Nã•siꞋ—and founder of Beit Sha•maiꞋ—in direct succession from Yᵊhō•shūꞋa Bën-Shim•ōnꞋ Jr., Bën-Tzã•dōqꞋ—and his Hellenist SëꞋlë•ūk•ös enabler, Ἀντίοχος 4th ὁ Ἐπιφανής, paired with
Pᵊrush•iꞋ Hi•lælꞋ, the Beit-Dã•widꞋ—anti-Hellenist minority (Av Beit Din)—contingent, subordinate to
In BCE 28, Hi•leilꞋ Sr. was promoted to oust Sha•maiꞋ Sr., becoming the first Beit-Dã•widꞋ (Pᵊrūsh•iꞋ, not Tzᵊdōq•iꞋ) Nã•siꞋ.
All of successor-sons were, of course, Beit-Dã•widꞋ Pᵊrūsh•imꞋ.
It then follows that all of the ta•lᵊmid•imꞋ—and resulting RibꞋis—of Beit Hi•leilꞋ were Pᵊrūsh•imꞋ. Whereas, all of the complementary representatives, culminating in Sha•maiꞋ Sr. (& Beit Sha•maiꞋ) were Hellenist Tzᵊdōq•imꞋ, representing primarily the interests of the Hellenist kō•han•imꞋ.
From the time All RibꞋis in YᵊhūdꞋãh The most famous of Hi•leilꞋ Sr.'s RibꞋis—.
ike the most famous of his ta•lᵊmid•imꞋ, RibꞋi Yᵊhō•shuꞋa and his successor sons in Beit Hi•leilꞋ) in the , he where he died c. 10 C.E.—when RibꞋi Yᵊhō•shuꞋa was 17-18).
Hi•leilꞋ Sr. was the Minority Pᵊrush•iꞋ Complement who, paired with the Majority Tzᵊdōq•iꞋ Sha•maiꞋ Sr. Complement, comprised "The Last ZūgꞋōt".
Hi•leilꞋ Sr. became the first Pᵊrūsh•imꞋ Nã•siꞋ (BCE 28 – 10 CE), succeeded by his son, Rab•ãnꞋ Shim•ōnꞋ Bën-Hi•leilꞋ).
Additionally, Hi•leilꞋ Sr. was also the grandfather of Rab•ãnꞋ Ga•mᵊl•i•eilꞋ Sr. (who came to the aid of the Nᵊtzãr•imꞋ when they were being persecuted by the Tzᵊdōq•imꞋ. ).
הִלּוּלָא [Glos E-J, updated: 2019.04.11]
Hi•lūl•ãꞋ which derives from הִלֵל—i.e. the שִׁבְעַת יְמֵי הַמִּשְׁתֶה. Biblical: 7-Day Wine-Fest Banquet Preceding 8th-Day Wedding (sequence reversed millennia later).
הִין [Glos E-J, updated: 2019.01.22]
hin;
הִפעִיל [Glos_E-J, updated: 2006.04.27]
Hiph•ilꞋ;
Ιππολυτος [Glos_E-J, updated: 2011.03.29]
((IppolꞋutos); Anglicized to Hipploytus)
Beginning of 3rd century C.E. after the gentile Hellenist Christian Church had become firmly established, known only from what Eu•sëbꞋi•os inferred from works that had reached him and mention by Ierōnumos. ("Hippolyus (2) Romanus," Smith & Wace, "A Dictionary of Christian Biography," III:85ff.)
הִתְבּוׂלֵל [Glos E-J, updated: 2019.01.22]
hitᵊbō•leilꞋ;
See also kheit.
הִתפָּעֵל [Glos_E-J, updated: 2006.04.27]
hit•pa•eilꞋ;
הוֹשַׁענָא [Glos_E-J, updated: 2023.12.04]
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 Click video icon to play (or download and save) short video of Israeli Tei•mãn•iꞋ Orthodox beit ha-kᵊnësꞋët chanting הוֹשַׁענָא רַבָּא:  |
Ho•shaꞋ-nã;
הוֹשַׁענָא רַבָּא (Ho•shaꞋ-nã Rab•ãꞋ; "the Great 'Save, prithee!' "), the seventh day of Suk•otꞋ, when seven circuits carrying the lu•lãvꞋ and ët•rōgꞋ are made around the bim•ãhꞋ. (Ho•shan•otꞋ are chanted during every circuit.)
הוֹשַׁענוֹת (Ho•shan•otꞋ; "save-prithee"s [plural]; specifically, the circuits around the bim•ãhꞋ chanting Tᵊhil•imꞋ containing the phrase הוֹשַׁענָא).
הוֹשֵׁע [Glos_E-J, updated: 2006.04.27]
Ho•sheiꞋa;
Humanzee [Glos E-J, updated: 2019.03.19]
According to research by the American Psychological Association, "More than one-third of first-year university students in eight industrialized countries around the globe report symptoms consistent with a diagnosable mental health disorder, according to research published by the American Psychological Association."
But the news gets worse: "…Gen Z, those between the ages of 15 and 21. Our 2018 survey results show that… America’s youngest adults are most likely of all generations to report poor mental health, and Gen Z is also significantly more likely to seek professional help for mental health issues" with females twice as problematic as males. Dependence on social media for peer acceptance is one factor.
Have you noticed the rise of 
(media term: "snowflakes") in the news? "Entitled" to everything, all free and owed to them, from the government, with no thought of who will eventually pay the cost? They're not defined by race, skin color, gender, genetics, religion or ethnic background. They are liberals, mostly socialists, who include science-deprived, arts-degreed college grads and professors who tend to be walking encyclopedias of grades of cannabis or any tattoos that Madonna or Kardashian may have; but most come up blank when asked simple questions about economics, logic, science, civics or how Hillary Clinton was related to Benghazi (Chelsea married a Muslim named Benghazi?).
They also predominate media bobble-heads and propagandists.
As a result, what once were mere trivialities merit formal medical naming as mental conditions requiring psychotherapy, protective "safe zones" for the budding mushrooms and chemical tranquilizing—whether street or "medicinal". These are a generation of child-victims of their gullible parents' transferral of parental responsibilities to "professional" psychologist "experts" who knew better than the "uninformed parents"—because publishers published their books—how to raise children: protecting them from any harshness of reality. They are human beings, but not competent sapiens! While they're all flakes, they don't all snort "snow"; nor do they do melt away in spring.
Scientists have shown that, in some food-related experiments, chimpanzees out-think — and embarrass — many humans. Accordingly, it's no stretch to describe the "safe zone" protected- (disconnected-) from-reality mind of these socialist mushrooms as rivaling chimpanzees. Ergo, humanzees.
In my day—the Peak Generation, 1943 (between the 'Lucky Few' Generation and the post-WWII Baby-Boomers Generation), we, too, were concerned about peer acceptance. The Peak Generation, itself peaked around the early '60s, in many ways (even the music) suggesting a fork between the science-compatible intelligentsia (who continued to advance) in contrast to the"safe zone" dependent, protected-from-science-and-reality (often arts-degreed up to tenured professorship) "humanzees", (i.e. mushrooms, snowflakes) who began to devolve, precipitating downward into dependence, entitlement and chemical tranquilization (putting the opioid demand and profits on steroids with their brains going to pot, literally). Unable to think and behave as independent human beings, humanzees are herd animals, well typified by the "metoo" movement. If you're following the herd, you're a humanzee. Think for yourself and be a human being.
 150x170.png "hieroglyphic Heqa-khasut Hyksos (Khnumhotep2 Tomb cBCE 1900)") |
| Hëqã-khãsūt ("Hyksos"; from Tomb of Khᵊnūm-hōtëp-2, cBCE 1900) |
Hëqã-khãsūt; (foreign immigrant in Egypt)
The term Hëqã-khãsūt was Hellenized to Ὑκσώς/Ὑκουσσώς, then (after 16½ centuries being conversationally extinct) PEMRH: transliterated it as חִיקְסוֹס and finally Anglicized to "Hyksos".
This ethnonym developed in Egyptian usage sometime during the Egyptian 2nd Intermediate Period (14C cBCE 1761-1572)—"coincidentally" about the time that Yo•seiphꞋ was sold in Egypt (c BCE 1709)!
The appearance in the Egyptian record of "Hëqã-khãsūt" predates Egyptian mention of Õvᵊr•ūꞋ by nearly 4 centuries. This chronological conundrum has now (2020.07) been resolved by Kharobi, et al.: the discovery that the "Hëqã-khãsūt" were long-time, non-indigenous, resident-aliens in Egypt who rose to power internally and with minor opposition; not incursions, invasions nor conquest by foreigners! This newfound perspective aligns with the internal, friendly rise to power in Egypt of Yo•seiphꞋ, who was at first recognized as "a Hëqã-khãsūt"! Only after the Thæra eruption, the Egyptians recorded their version of the Yᵊtzi•ãhꞋ:
“[Par•ōhꞋ] Tū[t]
[A]möū[n]-ThōsꞋë•ōs“After this συμβάσεις, [the Hëqã-khãsūt] made the Yᵊtzi•ãhꞋ from Egypt with their families and chattel—at least 240,000—through Mi•dᵊbãrꞋ [Sin•aiꞋ]… and renovated a city in YᵊhūdꞋãh… Yᵊrū•shã•laꞋyim.”
In any case, only subsequent to the Yᵊtzi•ãhꞋ did Egyptians begin to refer to them as Õvᵊr•ūꞋ (Hebrews) rather than Hëqã-khãsūt.
Interestingly, the term Hëqã-khãsūt developed from the time of the emergence of Yi•sᵊr•ã•eilꞋ and the Ãrëv Rav, combined, as a distinct "immigrant problem" stemming from the maritime colonization of Egypt's Delta leading up to the time of the Yᵊtzi•ãhꞋ—about the time (detractors ask you to accept "coincidentally" yet again ) that the term ShasꞋu began to eclipse both "Hëqã-khãsūt" and Õvᵊr•ūꞋ!
The Hëqã-khãsūt were distinguished from the ÃꞋrëv Rav, which, in the time leading up to the Yᵊtzi•ãhꞋ, referred primarily to the colonies of Anatolian Kit•imꞋ-Tzūr•imꞋ Maritime Confederation, along with the passengers they carried in their merchant ships from all over the southeastern Mediterranean Basin, who were fleeing the prolonged series of droughts, pandemics and misery—of Biblical dimensions—in their homelands. Hunger forced hordes of non-Egyptian immigrants to board ships seeking sojourn in the "International Breadbasket" of the fertile, Nile-irrigated Delta—GōshꞋën.
Note: Pūlossian aren't mentioned as combatants in the "First Naval Battle of the Nile" by Ra-moses Jr. "the Great" even nearly 4 centuries later cBCE1290. Yet, they are mentioned as combatants in the "Second Naval Battle of the Nile", by Ra-moses 3rd only a century after that (cBCE 1182), This fixes a window when the Pūlossians first emerged as a serious naval and colonizing force.
Ιγνατιος [Glos_E-J, updated: 2011.03.29]
((Ig•natꞋi•os); Anglicized to Ignatius)
(ca. 105 C.E.—117), Syrian or Turk; the second Hellenist "bishop" of Antakya, Turkey (then part of Syria), antedating the first "bishop" in Yᵊru•shã•layꞋim who ousted and usurped the 15th Pã•qidꞋ of the Nᵊtzãr•imꞋ (in 135 C.E.). Ig•natꞋi•os is the first to coin the phrase "Catholic Church," the first to reject "apostolical authority and succession" (i.e., the authority of the Nᵊtzãr•imꞋ pᵊqid•imꞋ) to equate episcopal (bishop) authority with "Christ the Lord," already denying the Nᵊtzãr•imꞋ, sowing the first seeds of misojudaism.
Therefore, Ig•natꞋi•os is both the first proper Roman Catholic Christian and "inventor" of the concept of a Catholic pope (the "papal succession" not existing until later, when retroactively fabricated by Hegesippus in the 3rd century C.E.). These earliest Christians retained their Sun-God-day worship, merely transforming it from worshipping the sun to worshipping the Hellenist man-God patterned after Zeus ("Ignatius (1)," Smith & Wace, "A Dictionary of Christian Biography," III:209ff.)
'אִם יִרצֶה ה [Glos_E-J, updated: 2006.07.14]
Im yi•rᵊtz•ëhꞋ ha-Sheim;
 White Chapel Karnak (Wiki) 175x84.jpg "Inebu-hedj (White Walls)")
[Glos E-J, updated: 2021.03.14]
 RT 20150420 350x197.jpg "Inebu-Hedj Inbu-Hedj White Walls (white limestone fragments) RT") |
| Russian archeologists discover white limestone wall fragments at Inebu-Hedj (Inbu-Hedj) "White Walls" (later Ankh-Tawi), near modern Memphis-Cairo, Egypt (photo © www.cesras.ru) |
Inebu-hedj; father of NōꞋakh, to the time of Nã•khōrꞋ, grandfather of Avᵊrã•hãmꞋ.
Upon the unification of Upper & Lower Egypt, during the Middle Kingdom (c. BCE 2055–1640), the city name became known as Ankh-Tawi (Life of Two-lands). This is the name by which the capital was known from the birth of Avᵊrã•hãmꞋ to the birth of Mōsh•ëhꞋ Bën-AmᵊrãmꞋ.
Today, this is the city of Memphis, Egypt.
עִנּוּי [Glos_E-J, updated: 2022.10.06]
I•nūꞋy (from the pi•eilꞋ root עִנָּה): BH: answering-for (a kheit, ã•wōnꞋ or pëshꞋa); especially a defendant's plea before a court.
Everyone who was answering for such a debt or wrongdoing suffered the consequences; being afflicted, oppressed and humbled. But the age-old rabbinic (not Mosaic) generalization is false: not everyong who was afflicted, oppressed, humbled or made to suffer was answering for an unpaid debt or other wrongdoing!
Tzōm (fasting) was a different matter: self-denial from pleasure demonstrating mourning (remorse) and earnestness; thereby associated with (not identical to) i•nūꞋy—and de rigueur on Yōm ha-Ki•pūrꞋim.
עֹ֑נִי, m. adj. (ō•niꞋ, answering for…); usually in the phrase LëkhꞋëm Ō•niꞋ—the bread of (or fit for) a corvée (in Mi•tzᵊr•ayꞋim), indentured servant or imprisoned convict "answering for" his or her wrongs.
תַּעֲנִית (ta•a•nitꞋ) a hapax legomenon in Ta•na״khꞋ (Ëzᵊrã 9.5): intercessory self-denial associated with mourning (i.e. tearing of clothes, sitting in sackcloth and fasting).
עִקְּשִׁים [Glos_E-J, updated: 2006.04.27]
I•qᵊsh•imꞋ;
עִיר [Glos_E-J, updated: 2011.08.01]
Ir;
הָעִיר הָעַתִּיקָה [Glos_E-J, updated: 2014.12.28]
The Old City;
עִיר דָוִד [Glos_E-J, updated: 2010.09.31]
Ir Dã•widꞋ;  892x591.jpg "Yerushalayim")
Ειρηναιος [Glos_E-J, updated: 2011.03.29]
((Ei•ræ•naiꞋos); Anglicized to Irenaeus)
(born ca. 135 C.E., d. ca. 202-203 C.E.) in western Turkey, probably a Syrian whose native tongue was Syriac and, being Hellenist (knowledgeable in the Greek poets and philosophers loathed by religious Jews like the Nᵊtzãr•imꞋ), his second tongue was the international language of the time: Greek. He was a disciple of Polycarp and became bishop of Lyons in the foetal (64 C.E.—135 C.E.), proto-Christian Hellenist Gentile Catholic Church of the late 2nd century. ("Irenaeus (1)," Smith & Wace, "A Dictionary of Christian Biography," III:253ff.)
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 (malcontent) emigrants | |||
[Glos E-J, updated: 2021.06.16]עָבְרוּ (ã•vᵊr•uꞋ, corrupted to "Habiru") —
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| a•bi•ruꞋ (malcontent) emigrants |
 D36a Q3p D21r G43ew-u(pl) A1 (det man) 3vert dashes 140x75.jpg) |
| ᵊr•uꞋ(disreputable) immigrants |
עָבְרוּ (ã•vᵊr•uꞋ) originally developed from Euphrates-crossers — hence Akkadian-Persian cognate Ḫapᵊru, transliterated into Egyptian as Ăpᵊru — emigrating westward out of Mesopotamia. Subsequently, the (m.p.) noun and (fem.) adj. עִברִים and עִבְרִית (Hebrew).
עֵבֶר was the great-grandson of Sheim (c BCE 2218), who was the patronym of Semites. By the time of עֵבֶר, Semites had already been identifiable as a distinct ethnonym for more than a century. The עִברִים (i.e. ã•vᵊr•uꞋ) thereafter established themselves as a distinct ethnos within the Semites. Thus, Avᵊrã•hãmꞋ was called an עִברִי.
 EA386 (Habiru-Paro friendly) 350x299.jpg "ccc") |
 EA386 (Habiru-Paro friendly) 852x728.jpg "Click to enlarge"){kind=small} Amarna Tablets EA285 & EA286, mentioning "Ă•bi•ruꞋ" (Akkadian cuneiform) |
Contrary to academic bluster, Harvard Ph.D. Brian Doak affirmed that "All lines of argumentation in this regard have been met with opposition, and there is currently no consensus on the spelling or etymology of the term" (emphasis added). Yet, the etymological chain is straightforward and unassailable: the descendants of עֵבֶר, the patronymic patriarch of all עִברִים, were ã•vᵊr•uꞋ — called eber nāri" ("crossers of the Euphrates") by the Assyrians.
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 A•vᵊr•uꞋ ('those [Semites] who migrated') — from Ur (in today's southern Iraq) crossing the Euphrates River, around the desert via the northern "Fertile Crescent" route (via Paddan Aram, then south to Kᵊna•anꞋ in the Levant. |
Even the name Euphrates itself is related, deriving "from Old Persian Ufratu, perhaps from Avestan huperethuua "good to cross over," from hu- "good" + peretu- 'ford' ", cross or traverse. "([F]rom PIE root *per-(2) 'to lead, pass over')… In Akkadian, purattu" (loc. cit., see also KhëqᵊqãwꞋ KhãsꞋᵊt (Hyksos) and ShasꞋu).
אִיּוֹב [Glos_E-J, updated: 2023.05.29]
I•yōvꞋ Jove," "Jupiter" and "Job"). Neither the etymology nor the meaning are known (though widely, and wildly, hypothesized by many).
In Hebrew, this would be "either passive, meaning [נֶאֱיַב from Sã•tãnꞋ] … or active, meaning [אָיַב]" (Jewish Ency.).
The illusion of a link between אִיּוֹב ("Job"), which dates from ca. B.C.E. 6th century, and Jove, the Roman god of the bright sky, Iuppiter (gen. Iovis) in classical Latin (corrupted to "Jupiter"), stumbles on chronology. The use of Jove dates back only to 14th century C.E. Europe and traces back etymologically to the older Proto-Indo-European dyeu (to shine) = Zeus (Online Etymology Dictionary).
Iuppiter, via its genitive case Iovis, derived etymologically from *djous patær ("Day-sky father"), in turn derived from the earlier Proto-Indo-European *dyew- (Day, an ancient god of daylight, or "sky") — a cognate of the ancient Greek Zeus.
Similarly, the hypothesis that (based on the illusion above) אִיּוֹב is a refinement of the name of an ancient idol and a cognate of י‑‑ה not only stumbles on chronology, but, additionally, is plainly ignorant to anyone who knows how to spell in Hebrew.
Tracing "Jove" and "Jupiter" back to the LXX Hellenist Greek Ἰὼβ, by contrast, is straightforward.
גַ'חנוּן [Glos_E-J, updated: 2007.02.26]
Jakh•nunꞋ
Place 4 ajin in a well-buttered pan. Push one egg between each ajin, plus one more egg in the center
Bake at low heat, 120° C (250° F) all night (6 to 8 hrs).
Remove from the oven and serve at room temperature
גּ'עלה [Glos_E-J, updated: 2010.09.12]
JalꞋëh;
As in Yemen, at Beit ha-KᵊnësꞋët they serve nuts, dried fruits and fresh fruits of the season. Here in Israel, this additionally includes at least khumus in pita with beverages accompanied by Tei•mãn•iꞋ זְמִירוֹת (Zᵊmir•otꞋ; songs of Shab•ãtꞋ) and Di•vᵊr•eiꞋ-Tōr•ãhꞋ. Often the JalꞋëh is more elaborate, including jakhnun with khilꞋbãh and sometimes Ma•laꞋwakh garnished with a sauce made of tomato paste, skhug and zaatar.
גַּנְבִּיָה [Glos E-J, updated: 2021.07.05]
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 Janbiya in belt (photo: Anthony Pappone ) |
JanᵊbiꞋyãh (PEMRH: spelling: גַּ'נְבִּיָה, גַּ'נְבִּיָא (same pronunciation), to Arabic janaba but still retaining the original Janbiya — the short curved dagger used by the Qa•nãyꞋim (Roman Latin: sicarii ).
Ιερωνυμος [Glos_E-J, updated: 2011.03.29]
((Ierōnumos); Anglicized to Jerome)
(ca. 346—420 C.E.) Ëb•i•ō•naῖꞋoi SophronꞋios IerōnꞋumos. Born in south-eastern Europe (modern Bosnia and Herzegovina, across the Adriatic Sea, east of Italy) of Hellenist Catholic Christian parents, Ierōnumos was an Italian Hellenist Catholic Christian Church Historian who translated Ta•na"khꞋ into Latin (Vulgate) from Hebrew (rather than from LXX Greek). See also Samuel Krauss, "The Jews in the Works of the Church Fathers," The Jewish Quarterly Review, Vol. V, 1893, p. 132-3; Solomon Schechter, "Genizah Specimens," The Jewish Quarterly Review, Vol. X, 1898, p. 656-7 and "Atonement Under the Biblical 'New Covenant.'"
Jerusalem Post [Glos_E-J, updated: 2006.04.27]
The Jerusalem Post, Israel's English-language newspaper, is miniscule and insignificant in Israel compared to any of the three major Israeli Hebrew-language newspapers. Aside from the relatively small community of English speaking Israelis, The Jerusalem Post is entirely ignored within Israel. The daily domestic circulation is 11,000, rising to 25,000 for the Day6 (week-end) edition. The Jerusalem Post International Edition has a circulation of 26,000. The Jerusalem Post French weekly has a circulation of 3,000. (Figures as of 2003).
Ἰώσηπος [Glos E-J, updated: 2018.04.24]
born יוֹסֵף בֶּן-מַתִּתְיָהוּ הַכֹּהֵן, 37 C.E. — d. Τίτος Φλάβιος Ἰώσηπος 100+ C.E.
Son of a Hellenist pseudo-Tzᵊdōq•imꞋ father (certainly not of the strict Qum•rãnꞋ Kha•sid•imꞋ Tzᵊdōq•imꞋ), and Khash•mo•nã•imꞋ mother, boasting royal lineage, he rose to general in the TzaꞋhal but became a traitor, persuading his officers to commit suicide (pretending he would also) then defecting to the Hellenist Roman occupiers during the Jewish Revolt of 68-70 C.E.
Corroborating his Hellenist pseudo-Tzᵊdōq•imꞋ orientation, Yo•seiphꞋ relied on LXX rather than MT. Like Shã•ulꞋ, who, subsequent to his kã•reitꞋ was called exclusively by his Hellenist name (Paul); similarly, Yo•seiphꞋ Bën-Ma•tit•yãhꞋu ha-Ko•heinꞋ is known almost solely by his Hellenized name: 'Flavius Josephus.'
Josephus authored "Wars of the Jews" ca. 78-79 C.E. and "Antiquities of the Jews" ca. 94 C.E. (in foreward to William Sanford LaSor in William Whiston, Josephus, Grand Rapids, MI, Kregel Publications, 1960, p. ix-x.) and widely acknowledged to have been redacted by No•tzᵊr•imꞋ
"Josephus gives the impression that the sects were primarily divided over theological questions… He was concerned to produce an explanation that would make sense to his Greek (and Hellenist Roman) readers [and, perhaps, his own secular nature; ybd]. But the fact that only matters of practice are mentioned in MMT confirms the view that it was not dogma, but law that was apt to produce lasting schisms in Judaism." (Ëlish•ãꞋ Qim•ronꞋ and John Strugnell, Discoveries in the Judaean Desert x, Qumran Cave 4.v, Miqsat Ma'ase ha-Torah, in consultation with Y. Sussmann and with contributions by Y. Sussman and A. Yardeni, Oxford,at the Clarendon Press, 1994, p. 176).
Judaism/Judaic/Judea/Jew(ess). [Glos_E-J, updated: 2006.04.27]
Both "Judaism" and "Jew," derive from יְהוּדִי (Yᵊhud•iꞋ;
"The term Judaism is first found among the Greek-speaking [i.e. Hellenist] Jews of the first century C.E… Its Hebrew equivalent, [יַהֲדוּת] Ya•had•utꞋ, found only occasionally in medieval literature…, but used frequently in modern times, has parallels neither in the Bible (but see Ës•teirꞋ 8.17, [מִתיַהֲדִים] mit•ya•had•imꞋ, "became Jews" [joined the tribe of Yᵊhud•ãhꞋ specifically?]) nor in the rabbinic literature." (Judaism, EJ 7.383). For the most Biblically authentic ancient name, see DërꞋëkh ("Way").
יְהוּדִי(ת) (Yᵊhud•i(t)Ꞌ; masc./fem., respectively) native of Yᵊhud•ãhꞋ one who is born of a Jewess, or converted to Judaism (see below) according to Ha•lãkh•ãhꞋ and does not practice another religion. (For exceptions, however, see פִּשׁתָּה כֵּהָה of Yᵊsha•yãhꞋu 42.1-4)
Originally, this people of the Ta•na"khꞋ were called יִשְׂרָאֵל (Yi•sᵊr•ã•eilꞋ), designating all twelve tribes of Yi•sᵊr•ã•eilꞋ.
These terms were applied to the entire people only after the destruction of the Northern Kingdom of Yi•sᵊr•ã•eilꞋ (B.C.E. 722). "However, while the name 'Jew' became common usage outside the Land of Israel, the Hebrew-speaking Jews within the land were particular to call themselves 'Yi•sᵊr•ã•eilꞋ' (de-Judaized to "Israelites")…
In the time of the Beit-ha-Mi•qᵊdãshꞋ, Hellenist Romans applied the term "Judaeanism" (in Greek) to "the religion of the Judeans." Judaeanism was contracted to Judaism. Similarly, Judeans was contracted to "Jews."
Like "Sanhedrin," Judaism and Jew were originally external terms applied by Goy•imꞋ. Christians early conflated the word 'Judaeus' with the name of the villain of the gospel story, Judas Iscariot, whom they stereotyped as the typical Jew. Judas was linked with the devil (Lu. 22:3), and the result, in Hellenist Greek, was devil-Ιουδας (Ioudas; Judas = Judah = Judea—deriving from a single Hebrew term, יְהוּדָה [Yᵊhud•ãhꞋ], differences in the Greek and English terms are artificial)." Further, while Sã•tãnꞋ is often transliterated into Greek letters in the Καινής Διαθήκης, it is also translated in other passages into Greek: διαβολος (diabolos, which is frequently translated into English as "devil" and is equivalent to Sã•tãnꞋ; see, in this regard, Jn. 8.44.) Thus, via Lu. 22.3, Ioudas = Judas = Judah = Judea was equated to diabolos = Sã•tãnꞋ. This relationship established the pejorative meaning of the word 'Jew' in the earliest Christian Church. ("Jew," Encyclopedia Judaica, 10:21-2.)
"Judaizers" [Glos_E-J, updated: 2011.04.07]
Prior to being redacted into ms. C #04 — in the 5th century C.E., Acts 15.24 lacked the phrase in the KJ/V of 1611 C.E. that has been the basis of denigrating "Judaizers": λέγοντες περιτέμνεσθαι καὶ τηρεῖν τὸν νόμον.
To RibꞋi Yᵊho•shuꞋa and the original Nᵊtzãr•imꞋ, being circumcised and keeping Tōr•ãhꞋ had always been a good thing. It wasn't until the 5th century that gentile Hellenist Christians were finally able to reverse that image via this redaction.
Flavius Iustinus [Glos_E-J, updated: 2011.03.29]
(Anglicized to Justin {Martyr})
(writings dating to ca. 150-163 C.E.) Iustinus Martyr, who reportedly died at age 30 ca. 163 C.E., was born in Roman-occupied Shᵊkhëm (Hellenist "Nablus"—Flavia Neopolis, named after Roman Emperor Flavius Vespasian) of Hellenist Roman gentile parents, Iustinus, who "has not heard, even, of Moses or of the Prophets, until well on in life" claimed to be a Samaritan Christian—demonstrating that he was as confused about the difference between a gentile and a Samaritan as he was about the difference between a Syrian Arab (Trypho) and a Jew. If Iustinus converted before 135 C.E., as reported, he would have been about two years old.
The Hellenist orientation of the original (post-135 C.E.) Christian Church is typified in Iustinus' listing of the Patriarchs of "the Word of God"—"Socrates, and Heraclitus, Abraham and Elias"—as well as his defense of Christianity: "We alone are hated, even though we hold the same as the Greeks."
The antinomianism and misojudaism of the original (post-135 C.E.) Christian Church is also evidenced by Iustinus, who equates gentile Romans with Christians, declaring that the Romans' enemy—the Jews—"had tortured and slain Christians without pity under Bar-KokhꞋvã, and made Jews everywhere the most violent and remorseless of the church's slanderers and persecutors (ch. 108, § 335)." Iustinus believes in "the new Israel, the abandonment of the old Israel, the sons of Abraham, unless they will accept the new covenant." Already in contrast to the , Nᵊtzãr•imꞋ keeping of the Judaic festivals, "this the main body of Christians repudiated, so that it was by most treated as a criminal heresy [emphasis added] to keep the Sabbath, and they refused to hold communion with those [Nᵊtzãr•imꞋ] who still held to these Jewish customs" (Justinus Martyr, St., A Dictionary of Christian Biography, Smith & Wace, III.560ff).
"It was for you Jews alone that it was necessary; because you forgot Him, He had to decree your Sabbaths; because you fell away to idols, He had to demand of you sacrifices (Dialog. 19, § 236, E). He ordered you a temple, lest you should worship images. All was done to distinguish the Jewish race from the heathen; and this, not on account of the race's virtue, so much as for its proneness to evil… It is foretold all along that the Gentiles are the children of prophecy, the true Israel, the perfect proselytes; it is of them that all the good promises are spoken… We realize in Iustinus the complete Gentilism of the Christianity of 140 [C.E.]. He regards the Law rather as an evidence of peculiar evil… in the Jews; so he even says in scorn that circumcision only serves to mark them out for condemnation, as the accursed who are forbidden to enter Jerusalem." Iustinus regard for Plato as the highest authority is compounded by his own entire ignorance of Hebrew. (Smith & Wace).
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